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The Significance of Demographic Variables on Psychosocial Health from the Early Stage and Nine Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. A Cross-National Study

Author

Listed:
  • Amy K. Østertun Geirdal

    (Department of Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway)

  • Daicia Price

    (School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA)

  • Mariyana Schoultz

    (Department of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK)

  • Hilde Thygesen

    (Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
    Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway)

  • Mary Ruffolo

    (School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA)

  • Janni Leung

    (Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia)

  • Tore Bonsaksen

    (Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
    Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway)

Abstract

This cross-national study explored stability and change in mental health, quality of life, well-being and loneliness during the early stage and nine months after the implementation of COVID-19 pandemic social distancing measures and periodic lockdowns as adjusted by demographic variables. In the USA, the UK, Australia and Norway, 7284 individuals responded to the invitation to take part in two cross-sectional web-based surveys (April and November 2020), including questions about sociodemographic variables and psychosocial outcomes. Independent t -tests and generalized linear models (GLM) and estimated marginal means were used to analyze differences between subgroups and countries, multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on the psychosocial outcome measures by demographic variables and time in each country and mean responses presented by time after adjusting for all demographic variables in the model. Age, gender, civil status, education, employment, place of work and living area were all significant factors for psychosocial health across the countries. Differences in mental health, quality of life, well-being and loneliness were found between the countries in both April and November 2020, while time did not contribute to reducing the toll in any of the four countries over the nine-month period.

Suggested Citation

  • Amy K. Østertun Geirdal & Daicia Price & Mariyana Schoultz & Hilde Thygesen & Mary Ruffolo & Janni Leung & Tore Bonsaksen, 2021. "The Significance of Demographic Variables on Psychosocial Health from the Early Stage and Nine Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. A Cross-National Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-18, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:4345-:d:539427
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tore Bonsaksen & Trond Heir & Inger Schou-Bredal & Øivind Ekeberg & Laila Skogstad & Tine K. Grimholt, 2020. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Norway," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-9, December.
    2. K. Levin & C. Currie, 2014. "Reliability and Validity of an Adapted Version of the Cantril Ladder for Use with Adolescent Samples," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 119(2), pages 1047-1063, November.
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    2. Marta Borowska-Stefańska & Maxim A. Dulebenets & Piotr Koneczny & Michał Kowalski & Edyta Masierek & Filip Turoboś & Szymon Wiśniewski, 2024. "Changes to the Transport Behaviour of Inhabitants of a Large City Due the Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-23, March.
    3. Xiangyou Shen & Megan MacDonald & Samuel W. Logan & Colby Parkinson & Lydia Gorrell & Bridget E. Hatfield, 2022. "Leisure Engagement during COVID-19 and Its Association with Mental Health and Wellbeing in U.S. Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-22, January.

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