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Housing Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review

Author

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  • Nipuni Nilakshini Wimalasena

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand)

  • Alice Chang-Richards

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand)

  • Kevin I-Kai Wang

    (Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand)

  • Kim N. Dirks

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand)

Abstract

Cold, damp and mouldy housing arises from the degradation of the housing stock over time due to weathering and a lack of maintenance. Living in such houses is associated with many adverse impacts on human health, especially for those with existing health issues. This paper presents a systematic review, using the PRISMA protocol, consisting of an exploratory analysis of housing-related risk factors associated with respiratory disease. The review consisted of 360 studies investigating 19 risk factors associated with respiratory conditions. Each fall into one of four categories, namely, (1) outdoor environment-related factors; (2) indoor air pollution-related factors; (3) housing non-structure-related factors; or (4) housing structure-related factors. The results show that effects of poor housing conditions on occupants’ respiratory health is a growing research field, where poor indoor air quality, mainly due to a lack of adequate ventilation, was found to be the most influential risk factor. Usage of solid fuel and living in an urban area without a pollutant-free air filtration system are the main risk factors related to inadequate ventilation. Therefore, an adequate and reliable ventilation system with air-infiltration was considered to be the main mitigation solution to improve indoor air quality. It is suggested that government organisations and health practitioners could use the identified risk factors to measure the healthiness of existing dwellings and take measures to improve existing conditions and develop regulations for new housing construction to promote the healthy home concept. Further research is needed for risk mitigation strategies to reduce the respiratory health burden attributed to housing.

Suggested Citation

  • Nipuni Nilakshini Wimalasena & Alice Chang-Richards & Kevin I-Kai Wang & Kim N. Dirks, 2021. "Housing Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-24, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:6:p:2815-:d:514335
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    5. Constantin C. Bungau & Codruta Bendea & Tudor Bungau & Andrei-Flavius Radu & Marcela Florina Prada & Ioana Francesca Hanga-Farcas & Cosmin Mihai Vesa, 2024. "The Relationship between the Parameters That Characterize a Built Living Space and the Health Status of Its Inhabitants," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-35, February.
    6. Sonika Bhatnagar & John Lovelace & Ray Prushnok & Justin Kanter & Joan Eichner & Dan LaVallee & James Schuster, 2023. "A Novel Framework to Address the Complexities of Housing Insecurity and Its Associated Health Outcomes and Inequities: “Give, Partner, Invest”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-11, July.
    7. Tran, My & Gannon, Brenda & Rose, Christiern, 2023. "The effect of housing wealth on older adults’ health care utilization: Evidence from fluctuations in the U.S. housing market," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).

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