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Prevalence and Determinants of Fatigue after COVID-19 in Non-Hospitalized Subjects: A Population-Based Study

Author

Listed:
  • Knut Stavem

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
    Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway)

  • Waleed Ghanima

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Department of Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, 1714 Grålum, Norway
    Department of Research, Østfold Hospital Trust, 1714 Grålum, Norway)

  • Magnus K. Olsen

    (Department of Research, Østfold Hospital Trust, 1714 Grålum, Norway)

  • Hanne M. Gilboe

    (Fürst Medical Laboratory, 1051 Oslo, Norway)

  • Gunnar Einvik

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway)

Abstract

This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of fatigue in a population-based cohort of non-hospitalized subjects 1.5–6 months after COVID-19. It was a mixed postal/web survey of all non-hospitalized patients ≥18 years with a positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 until 1 June 2020 in a geographically defined area. In total, 938 subjects received a questionnaire including the Chalder fatigue scale (CFQ-11) and the energy/fatigue scale of the RAND-36 questionnaire. We estimated z scores for comparison with general population norms. Determinants were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis. In total, 458 subjects (49%) responded to the survey at median 117.5 days after COVID-19 onset, and 46% reported fatigue. The mean z scores of the CFQ-11 total was 0.70 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.82), CFQ-11 physical 0.66 (0.55 to 0.78), CFQ-11 mental 0.47 (0.35 to 0.59) and RAND-36 energy/fatigue −0.20 (−0.31 to −0.1); all CFQ-11 scores differed from those of the norm population ( p < 0.001). Female sex, single/divorced/widowed, short time since symptom debut, high symptom load, and confusion during acute COVID-19 were associated with higher multivariable odds of fatigue. In conclusion, the burden of post-viral fatigue following COVID-19 was high, and higher than in a general norm population. Symptoms of fatigue were most prevalent among women, those having a high symptom load, or confusion during the acute phase.

Suggested Citation

  • Knut Stavem & Waleed Ghanima & Magnus K. Olsen & Hanne M. Gilboe & Gunnar Einvik, 2021. "Prevalence and Determinants of Fatigue after COVID-19 in Non-Hospitalized Subjects: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2030-:d:502089
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Cauane Blumenberg & Aluísio J. D. Barros, 2018. "Response rate differences between web and alternative data collection methods for public health research: a systematic review of the literature," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 63(6), pages 765-773, July.
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    1. Markus C. Hayden & Matthias Limbach & Michael Schuler & Steffen Merkl & Gabriele Schwarzl & Katalin Jakab & Dennis Nowak & Konrad Schultz, 2021. "Effectiveness of a Three-Week Inpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program for Patients after COVID-19: A Prospective Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Kim McFann & Bridget A. Baxter & Stephanie M. LaVergne & Sophia Stromberg & Kailey Berry & Madison Tipton & Jared Haberman & Jeremy Ladd & Tracy L. Webb & Julie A. Dunn & Elizabeth P. Ryan, 2021. "Quality of Life (QoL) Is Reduced in Those with Severe COVID-19 Disease, Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19, and Hospitalization in United States Adults from Northern Colorado," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-9, October.
    3. Durita Viderø Gunnarsson & Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak & Johanna Kølle Pedersen & Henrik Hansen & Daria Podlekareva & Stine Johnsen & Christian Have Dall, 2023. "Physical Function and Association with Cognitive Function in Patients in a Post-COVID-19 Clinic—A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-16, May.
    4. Ana Maria da Silva Sousa Oliveira & Mariana Azevedo Carvalho & Luis Nacul & Fábio Roberto Cabar & Amanda Wictky Fabri & Stela Verzinhasse Peres & Tatiana Assuncao Zaccara & Shennae O’Boyle & Neal Alex, 2022. "Post-Viral Fatigue Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Comparative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-12, November.

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