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Mild to Severe Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19: Cases Reports

Author

Listed:
  • Gabriele Melegari

    (Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Veronica Rivi

    (Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Neuroscience Post Graduate School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Gabriele Zelent

    (Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Vincenzo Nasillo

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Elena De Santis

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Alessandra Melegari

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Claudia Bevilacqua

    (School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Michele Zoli

    (Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Neuroscience Post Graduate School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Stefano Meletti

    (Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Alberto Barbieri

    (School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

Abstract

The main focus of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is pulmonary complications through virus-related neurological manifestations, ranging from mild to severe, such as encephalitis, cerebral thrombosis, neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and delirium. The hospital screening procedures for quickly recognizing neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are often complicated by other coexisting symptoms and can be obscured by the deep sedation procedures required for critically ill patients. Here, we present two different case-reports of COVID-19 patients, describing neurological complications, diagnostic imaging such as olfactory bulb damage (a mild and unclear underestimated complication) and a severe and sudden thrombotic stroke complicated with hemorrhage with a low-level cytokine storm and respiratory symptom resolution. We discuss the possible mechanisms of virus entrance, together with the causes of COVID-19-related encephalitis, olfactory bulb damage, ischemic stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage.

Suggested Citation

  • Gabriele Melegari & Veronica Rivi & Gabriele Zelent & Vincenzo Nasillo & Elena De Santis & Alessandra Melegari & Claudia Bevilacqua & Michele Zoli & Stefano Meletti & Alberto Barbieri, 2021. "Mild to Severe Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19: Cases Reports," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-10, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:7:p:3673-:d:528203
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Francesco Fisicaro & Mario Di Napoli & Aldo Liberto & Martina Fanella & Flavio Di Stasio & Manuela Pennisi & Rita Bella & Giuseppe Lanza & Gelsomina Mansueto, 2021. "Neurological Sequelae in Patients with COVID-19: A Histopathological Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Michael Marshall, 2020. "The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers," Nature, Nature, vol. 585(7825), pages 339-341, September.
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