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The Perceived Restorativeness of Differently Managed Forests and Its Association with Forest Qualities and Individual Variables: A Field Experiment

Author

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  • Jenni Simkin

    (Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
    Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 000790 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Ann Ojala

    (Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Liisa Tyrväinen

    (Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland)

Abstract

Despite increasing research knowledge about the positive well-being effects forests have on citizens, it is still unclear how the quality of forests and individual variables effect the well-being. This research investigated (1) the differences in restorative experiences (components being away, fascination, compatibility and extent, measured by perceived restorativeness (PRS)), and (2) how people evaluate forest qualities in four differently managed forests. Furthermore, this research studied (3) which individual variables (4) as well as forest qualities, explain the overall restorative experience (PRS-score from all components). Altogether, 66 volunteers were taken in small groups to each of the four forest sites once, after their day at work. The participants viewed the forests for 15 min and then walked inside the forests for 30 min. Their perceived restorativeness and perceptions about forest qualities were measured on-site after each visit. Most of the components of PRS differed between the three older forests compared to the young forest. The three older forests also had more preferred qualities, compared to the young commercial forest. From the individual variables, the nature relatedness positively explained the restorative experiences (PRS-score) in old-growth forest and in mature commercial forest. Beauty was the most important quality that explained PRS-score in all forests. Biodiversity positively explained the PRS-score, except in urban recreation forest. However, not all forest qualities need to be present in order to reach high perceived restorativeness and both a pristine or managed old forest can have high restorative values. Also, decaying wood does not seem to diminish forests’ restorative values, but there may be individual differences in its acceptance. Therefore, a greater attention to the overall versatility is needed when managing the forest used for outdooring.

Suggested Citation

  • Jenni Simkin & Ann Ojala & Liisa Tyrväinen, 2021. "The Perceived Restorativeness of Differently Managed Forests and Its Association with Forest Qualities and Individual Variables: A Field Experiment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-26, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:422-:d:476290
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Norimasa Takayama & Akio Fujiwara & Haruo Saito & Masahiro Horiuchi, 2017. "Management Effectiveness of a Secondary Coniferous Forest for Landscape Appreciation and Psychological Restoration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-22, July.
    2. Melissa R. Marselle & Katherine N. Irvine & Altea Lorenzo-Arribas & Sara L. Warber, 2014. "Moving beyond Green: Exploring the Relationship of Environment Type and Indicators of Perceived Environmental Quality on Emotional Well-Being following Group Walks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-25, December.
    3. Anna Adevi & Patrik Grahn, 2012. "Preferences for Landscapes: A Matter of Cultural Determinants or Innate Reflexes that Point to Our Evolutionary Background?," Landscape Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(1), pages 27-49.
    4. David Edwards & Marion Jay & Franck S Jensen & Beatriz Lucas & Mariella Marzano & Claire C. Montagné-Huck & Andrew Peace & Gerhard Weiss, 2012. "Public preferences across europe for different forest stand types as site for recreation," Post-Print hal-02647764, HAL.
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    1. Fiona Nevzati & Martti Veldi & Mart Külvik & Simon Bell, 2023. "Analysis of Landscape Character Assessment and Cultural Ecosystem Services Evaluation Frameworks for Peri-Urban Landscape Planning: A Case Study of Harku Municipality, Estonia," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-19, September.
    2. Congying An & Jinglan Liu & Qiaohui Liu & Yuqi Liu & Xiaoli Fan & Yishen Hu, 2022. "How Perceived Sensory Dimensions of Forest Park Are Associated with Stress Restoration in Beijing?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-17, January.
    3. Sujin Park & Eunsoo Kim & Geonwoo Kim & Soojin Kim & Yeji Choi & Domyung Paek, 2022. "What Activities in Forests Are Beneficial for Human Health? A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-29, February.
    4. Don-Gak Lee & Jin-Gun Kim & Bum-Jin Park & Won Sop Shin, 2022. "Effect of Forest Users’ Stress on Perceived Restorativeness, Forest Recreation Motivation, and Mental Well-Being during COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-19, May.

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