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Suicide and Associations with Air Pollution and Ambient Temperature: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Seulkee Heo

    (School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA)

  • Whanhee Lee

    (School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA)

  • Michelle L. Bell

    (School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA)

Abstract

Given health threats of climate change, a comprehensive review of the impacts of ambient temperature and ar pollution on suicide is needed. We performed systematic literature review and meta-analysis of suicide risks associated with short-term exposure to ambient temperature and air pollution. Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for English-language publications using relevant keywords. Observational studies assessing risks of daily suicide and suicide attempts associated with temperature, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM 10 ) and ≤2.5 mm (PM 2.5 ), ozone (O 3 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) were included. Data extraction was independently performed in duplicate. Random-effect meta-analysis was applied to pool risk ratios (RRs) for increases in daily suicide per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure. Meta-regression analysis was applied to examine effect modification by income level based on gross national income (GNI) per capita, national suicide rates, and average level of exposure factors. In total 2274 articles were screened, with 18 studies meeting inclusion criteria for air pollution and 32 studies for temperature. RRs of suicide per 7.1 °C temperature was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.13). RRs of suicide per IQR increase in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NO 2 were 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.05), 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.03), and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.07). O 3 , SO 2 , and CO were not associated with suicide. RR of suicide was significantly higher in higher-income than lower-income countries (1.09, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.11 and 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.26 per 7.1 °C increased temperature, respectively). Suicide risks associated with air pollution did not significantly differ by income level, national suicide rates, or average exposure levels. Research gaps were found for interactions between air pollution and temperature on suicide risks.

Suggested Citation

  • Seulkee Heo & Whanhee Lee & Michelle L. Bell, 2021. "Suicide and Associations with Air Pollution and Ambient Temperature: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7699-:d:597728
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    4. Youngdon Kim & Woojae Myung & Hong-Hee Won & Sanghong Shim & Hong Jin Jeon & Junbae Choi & Bernard J Carroll & Doh Kwan Kim, 2015. "Association between Air Pollution and Suicide in South Korea: A Nationwide Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(2), pages 1-10, February.
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    1. Lepori, Gabriele M. & Morgan, Sara & Assarian, Borna A. & Mishra, Tapas, 2024. "Economic activity and suicides: Causal evidence from macroeconomic shocks in England and Wales," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    2. Christian A. Mikutta & Charlotte Pervilhac & Hansjörg Znoj & Andrea Federspiel & Thomas J. Müller, 2022. "The Impact of Foehn Wind on Mental Distress among Patients in a Swiss Psychiatric Hospital," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Ignacio Amate-Fortes & Almudena Guarnido-Rueda & Diego Martínez-Navarro & Francisco J. Oliver-Márquez, 2023. "Social Isolation, Healthy Habits, Inequality and Mental Health in the United States," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(4), pages 1617-1643, August.

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