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Mental Health and the Symptoms of PTSD in People with Depression and Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

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  • Paulina Beata Golińska

    (Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, 80-557 Gdansk, Poland)

  • Mariusz Cieślak

    (Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland)

  • Olimpia Hubert

    (Faculty of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 81-745 Sopot, Poland)

  • Mariola Bidzan

    (Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, 80-557 Gdansk, Poland)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic in people with no diagnosis of mental illness, as well as in people who were diagnosed with depression or anxiety. Moreover, this study aimed to investigate the interplay between PTSD symptoms and self-assessed mental health associated with well-being. The 210 participants were divided into 3 groups: mentally healthy, participants with diagnosed depression, and participants with anxiety disorders. To evaluate the subjective well-being of the participants, the Polish adaptation of the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC–SF) was applied. The Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used to measure the severity of PTSD symptoms. At least a moderate worsening of PTSD symptoms was observed in participants of all groups. The results were as follows: healthy participants M = 37.35 ( SD = 18.46); participants with depression M = 36.05 ( SD = 18.02); participants with anxiety M = 44.52 ( SD = 18.08). The participants diagnosed with depression showed the lowest level of mental well-being M = 41.58 ( SD = 15.02). Conclusion: People diagnosed with depression had both the lowest level of well-being and the lowest severity of symptoms specific to PTSD. In all three groups, lower emotional well-being was linked to greater PTSD symptoms.

Suggested Citation

  • Paulina Beata Golińska & Mariusz Cieślak & Olimpia Hubert & Mariola Bidzan, 2021. "Mental Health and the Symptoms of PTSD in People with Depression and Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-14, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:5542-:d:560032
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Carmel Proctor & P. Linley & John Maltby, 2009. "Youth Life Satisfaction: A Review of the Literature," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 10(5), pages 583-630, October.
    3. Gunnar Einvik & Toril Dammen & Waleed Ghanima & Trond Heir & Knut Stavem, 2021. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
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    2. Estera Twardowska-Staszek & Irmina Rostek & Krzysztof Biel & Anna Seredyńska, 2021. "Predictors of Positive and Negative Emotions Experienced by Poles during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-15, November.
    3. Jakub Jan Rojek & Przemysław Waszak & Ilona Bidzan-Bluma & Aleksandra Sanewska & Joanna Stępień & Tomasz Michalski & Liliana Lorettu & Roberta Meloni & Che-Sheng Chu & Myriam Abboud & Jakub Grabowski, 2022. "Self-Assessed Personality Traits and Adherence to the COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.

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