IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i4p2079-d503009.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Author

Listed:
  • Gunnar Einvik

    (Pulmonary Department, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
    Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway)

  • Toril Dammen

    (Department of Behavioral Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway)

  • Waleed Ghanima

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Haematology and Oncology, Østfold Hospital Trust Kalnes, 1714 Grålum, Norway)

  • Trond Heir

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway)

  • Knut Stavem

    (Pulmonary Department, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
    Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway)

Abstract

This population-based study assessed the prevalence and determinants of symptom-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients about 1.5–6 months after their COVID-19 onset. The data were acquired from two mixed postal/web surveys in June–September 2020 from patients all aged ≥18 years with a positive polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) until 1 June 2020, comprising both hospitalized and non-hospitalized subjects. The catchment areas of the two included hospitals covers about 17% of the population of Norway. In total, 211 hospitalized and 938 non-hospitalized subjects received invitation. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was assessed using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Determinants of symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptoms were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis. In total, 583 (51%) subjects responded at median 116 (range 41–200) days after COVID-19 onset. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was 9.5% in hospitalized and 7.0% in non-hospitalized subjects ( p = 0.80). Female sex, born outside of Norway, and dyspnea during COVID-19 were risk factors for persistent PTSD symptoms. In non-hospitalized subjects, previous depression and COVID-19 symptom load were also associated with persistent PTSD symptoms. In conclusion, COVID-19 symptom load, but not hospitalization, was associated with symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptom severity.

Suggested Citation

  • Gunnar Einvik & Toril Dammen & Waleed Ghanima & Trond Heir & Knut Stavem, 2021. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2079-:d:503009
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2079/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2079/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tore Bonsaksen & Trond Heir & Inger Schou-Bredal & Øivind Ekeberg & Laila Skogstad & Tine K. Grimholt, 2020. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Norway," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-9, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ellen Moseholm & Julie Midtgaard & Signe Bollerup & Ása D. Apol & Oskar B. Olesen & Sofie Jespersen & Nina Weis, 2022. "Psychological Distress among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Denmark during the First 12 Months of the Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Wei Song & Taiyang Zhao & Ershuai Huang, 2022. "How Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect People’s Willingness to Pay for Health in the Short and Long Term? A Longitudinal Study during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-11, January.
    3. Paulina Beata Golińska & Mariusz Cieślak & Olimpia Hubert & Mariola Bidzan, 2021. "Mental Health and the Symptoms of PTSD in People with Depression and Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-14, May.
    4. Riccardo Serra & Cristian Borrazzo & Paolo Vassalini & Chiara Di Nicolantonio & Alexia E. Koukopoulos & Cecilia Tosato & Flavio Cherubini & Francesco Alessandri & Giancarlo Ceccarelli & Claudio Maria , 2022. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Trajectories the Year after COVID-19 Hospitalization," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-13, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Amy K. Østertun Geirdal & Daicia Price & Mariyana Schoultz & Hilde Thygesen & Mary Ruffolo & Janni Leung & Tore Bonsaksen, 2021. "The Significance of Demographic Variables on Psychosocial Health from the Early Stage and Nine Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. A Cross-National Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Tore Bonsaksen & Mariyana Schoultz & Hilde Thygesen & Mary Ruffolo & Daicia Price & Janni Leung & Amy Østertun Geirdal, 2021. "Loneliness and Its Associated Factors Nine Months after the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-11, March.
    3. Laila Skogstad & Inger Schou-Bredal & Tore Bonsaksen & Trond Heir & Øivind Ekeberg & Tine Grimholt, 2021. "Concerns Related to the COVID-19 in Adult Norwegians during the First Outbreak in 2020: A Qualitative Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-14, April.
    4. Tore Bonsaksen & Laila Skogstad & Trond Heir & Øivind Ekeberg & Inger Schou-Bredal & Tine K. Grimholt, 2021. "Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-9, April.
    5. Siv Karlsson Stafseth & Laila Skogstad & Johan Ræder & Ingvild Strand Hovland & Haakon Hovde & Øivind Ekeberg & Irene Lie, 2022. "Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Health Care Personnel in Norwegian ICUs during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a Prospective, Observational Cross-Sectio," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-15, June.
    6. José Luis Carballo & Ainhoa Coloma-Carmona & Sara Arteseros-Bañón & Virtudes Pérez-Jover, 2021. "The Moderating Role of Caregiving on Fear of COVID-19 and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, June.
    7. Tore Bonsaksen & Audun Brunes & Trond Heir, 2022. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Visual Impairment Compared with the General Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-11, January.
    8. Joy Benatov & Dominika Ochnik & Aleksandra M. Rogowska & Ana Arzenšek & Urša Mars Bitenc, 2022. "Prevalence and Sociodemographic Predictors of Mental Health in a Representative Sample of Young Adults from Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia: A Longitudinal Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-18, January.
    9. Yvonne Schaffler & Martin Kuska & Antonia Barke & Bettina K. Doering & Katharina Gossmann & Zdenek Meier & Natalia Kascakova & Peter Tavel & Elke Humer & Christoph Pieh & Peter Stippl & Wolfgang Schim, 2022. "Psychotherapists’ Reports regarding the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Their Patients: A Cross-National Descriptive Study Based on the Social-Ecological Model (SEM)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-19, June.
    10. Inger Schou-Bredal & Laila Skogstad & Tine K. Grimholt & Tore Bonsaksen & Øivind Ekeberg & Trond Heir, 2021. "Concerns in the Norwegian Population during the Initial Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-9, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2079-:d:503009. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.