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Multiple Stressor Effects of Radon and Phthalates in Children: Background Information and Future Research

Author

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  • W. S. Kwan

    (Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China)

  • D. Nikezic

    (Department of Mathematical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića 9, RS-36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
    Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia)

  • Vellaisamy A. L. Roy

    (James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK)

  • K. N. Yu

    (Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
    State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

The present paper reviews available background information for studying multiple stressor effects of radon ( 222 Rn) and phthalates in children and provides insights on future directions. In realistic situations, living organisms are collectively subjected to many environmental stressors, with the resultant effects being referred to as multiple stressor effects. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can lead to lung cancers. On the other hand, phthalates are semi-volatile organic compounds widely applied as plasticizers to provide flexibility to plastic in consumer products. Links of phthalates to various health effects have been reported, including allergy and asthma. In the present review, the focus on indoor contaminants was due to their higher concentrations and to the higher indoor occupancy factor, while the focus on the pediatric population was due to their inherent sensitivity and their spending more time close to the floor. Two main future directions in studying multiple stressor effects of radon and phthalates in children were proposed. The first one was on computational modeling and micro-dosimetric studies, and the second one was on biological studies. In particular, dose-response relationship and effect-specific models for combined exposures to radon and phthalates would be necessary. The ideas and methodology behind such proposed research work are also applicable to studies on multiple stressor effects of collective exposures to other significant airborne contaminants, and to population groups other than children.

Suggested Citation

  • W. S. Kwan & D. Nikezic & Vellaisamy A. L. Roy & K. N. Yu, 2020. "Multiple Stressor Effects of Radon and Phthalates in Children: Background Information and Future Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-27, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2898-:d:348961
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jaakkola, J.J.K. & Parise, H. & Kislitsin, V. & Lebedeva, N.I. & Spengler, J.D., 2004. "Asthma, Wheezing, and Allergies in Russian Schoolchildren in Relation to New Surface Materials in the Home," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 94(4), pages 560-562.
    2. Jaakkola, J.J.K. & Øie, L. & Nafstad, P. & Botten, G. & Samuelsen, S.O. & Magnus, P., 1999. "Interior surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in young children in Oslo, Norway," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 89(2), pages 188-192.
    3. Jaakkola, J.J.K. & Verkasalo, P.K. & Jaakkola, N., 2000. "Plastic wall materials in the home and respiratory health in young children," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 90(5), pages 797-799.
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