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Examining Ethnic Exposure through the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem: A Case Study of Xining, China

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  • Yiming Tan

    (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

  • Mei-Po Kwan

    (Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
    Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Zifeng Chen

    (Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

An increasing number of studies have observed that ignoring individual exposures to non-residential environments in people’s daily life may result in misleading findings in research on environmental exposure. This issue was recognized as the neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP). This study examines ethnic segregation and exposure through the perspective of NEAP. Focusing on Xining, China, it compares the Hui ethnic minorities and the Han majorities. Using 2010 census data and activity diary data collected in 2013, the study found that NEAP exists when examining ethnic exposure. Respondents who live in highly mixed neighborhoods (with high exposures to the other ethnic group) experience lower activity-space exposures because they tend to conduct their daily activities in ethnically less mixed areas outside their home neighborhoods (which are more segregated). By contrast, respondents who live in highly segregated neighborhoods (with low exposures to the other ethnic group) tend to have higher exposures in their activity locations outside their home neighborhoods (which are less segregated). Therefore, taking into account individuals’ daily activities in non-residential contexts in the assessment of environmental exposure will likely lead to an overall tendency towards the mean exposure. Using Tobit models, we further found that specific types of activity places, especially workplaces and parks, contribute to NEAP. Ignoring individual exposures in people’s activity places will most likely result in misleading findings in the measurement of environmental exposure, including ethnic exposure.

Suggested Citation

  • Yiming Tan & Mei-Po Kwan & Zifeng Chen, 2020. "Examining Ethnic Exposure through the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem: A Case Study of Xining, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2872-:d:348530
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pengxiang Zhao & Mei-Po Kwan & Suhong Zhou, 2018. "The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem in the Analysis of the Relationships between Obesity and the Built Environment in Guangzhou," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-20, February.
    2. Chen, X. & Kwan, M.-P., 2015. "Contextual uncertainties, human mobility, and perceived food environment: The uncertain geographic context problem in food access research," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(9), pages 1734-1737.
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    4. Tim Schwanen & Donggen Wang, 2014. "Well-Being, Context, and Everyday Activities in Space and Time," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 104(4), pages 833-851, July.
    5. Mei-Po Kwan, 2018. "The Limits of the Neighborhood Effect: Contextual Uncertainties in Geographic, Environmental Health, and Social Science Research," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 108(6), pages 1482-1490, November.
    6. David Wong & Shih-Lung Shaw, 2011. "Measuring segregation: an activity space approach," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, vol. 13(2), pages 127-145, June.
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    8. Jing Ma & Yinhua Tao & Mei-Po Kwan & Yanwei Chai, 2020. "Assessing Mobility-Based Real-Time Air Pollution Exposure in Space and Time Using Smart Sensors and GPS Trajectories in Beijing," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 110(2), pages 434-448, March.
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    10. Xinlin Ma & Xijing Li & Mei-Po Kwan & Yanwei Chai, 2020. "Who Could Not Avoid Exposure to High Levels of Residence-Based Pollution by Daily Mobility? Evidence of Air Pollution Exposure from the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem (NEAP)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-19, February.
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