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Distribution of Minor and Major Metallic Elements in Residential Indoor Dust: A Case Study in Latvia

Author

Listed:
  • Agnese Araja

    (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str.1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia)

  • Maris Bertins

    (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str.1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia)

  • Gunita Celma

    (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str.1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia)

  • Lauma Busa

    (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str.1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia)

  • Arturs Viksna

    (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str.1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia)

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only brought considerable and permanent changes to economies and healthcare systems, but it has also greatly changed the habits of almost the entire society. During the lockdowns, people were forced to stay in their dwellings, which served as a catalyst for the initiation of a survey on the estimation of the metallic element content in residential indoor dust in different parts of Latvia. This article presents the study results obtained through the analysis of collected dust samples from 46 dwellings, both in the capital of Latvia, Riga, and in smaller cities. Two methods were employed for indoor dust collection: vacuum sampling and manual sampling with a brush and plastic spatula. After microwave-assisted acid extraction, the samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in terms of the major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al and Fe) and minor (Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cr, As, Ba, Li, Be, B, V, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, La, Ce and Bi) elements. For the data analysis, principal component analysis was performed. Among the measured metals, the highest values were determined for the macro and most abundant elements (Na > K > Ca > Fe > Mg > Al). The concentration ranges of the persistently detected elements were as follows: Pb, 0.27–1200 mg kg −1 ; Cd, 0.01–6.37 mg kg −1 ; Ni, 0.07–513 mg kg −1 ; As, 0.01–69.2 mg kg −1 ; Cu, 5.71–1900 mg kg −1 ; Zn, 53.6–21,100 mg kg −1 ; and Cr, 4.93–412 mg kg −1 . The critical limit values of metallic elements in soil defined by the legislation of the Republic of Latvia (indicating the level at or above which the functional characteristics of soil are disrupted, or pollution poses a direct threat to human health or the environment) were exceeded in the following numbers of dwellings: Pb = 4, Ni = 2, As = 1, Cu = 16, Cr = 1 and Zn = 28.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnese Araja & Maris Bertins & Gunita Celma & Lauma Busa & Arturs Viksna, 2023. "Distribution of Minor and Major Metallic Elements in Residential Indoor Dust: A Case Study in Latvia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(13), pages 1-17, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:13:p:6207-:d:1177269
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mansour A. Alghamdi & Salwa K. Hassan & Noura A. Alzahrani & Fahd M. Almehmadi & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2019. "Risk Assessment and Implications of Schoolchildren Exposure to Classroom Heavy Metals Particles in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-24, December.
    2. Mahsa Tashakor & Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz & Seyed Reza Asvad & Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis, 2022. "Tracing of Heavy Metals Embedded in Indoor Dust Particles from the Industrial City of Asaluyeh, South of Iran," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-19, June.
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