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A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception: BPS, CFC-14, SAQ, and MQT

Author

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  • Sebastian L. Kübel

    (Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
    Department of Criminology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, 79100 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany)

  • Marc Wittmann

    (Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany)

Abstract

We aimed to validate four established questionnaires related to time perception in German (Consideration of Future Consequences-14 scale (CFC-14), Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT), and Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ)) using a back-translation method. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the data of 273 German-speaking participants to evaluate the factorial structures. Internal consistencies indicated good reliability values of the questionnaires and the respective subscales, except for the MQT. Intercorrelations between the questionnaires were examined to test their external validities and gain additional insight into the associations among the constructs. The consideration of future consequences was negatively linked to boredom proneness, whereas interoceptive awareness of one’s bodily sensations was positively associated with boredom proneness. Additionally, interoceptive awareness was linked to metacognitive beliefs about which factors influence time perception. The results are discussed in regard to human time perception. Conclusion: The validated German questionnaires can now be used in research projects. Initial observations on how the questionnaires are related to each other fit the current knowledge on how human time perception works, yielding the first evidence for the external validity of the German versions of these established questionnaires. For evidence of criterion validity, future studies should more thoroughly investigate the external validities analyzing the correlations with other validated measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Sebastian L. Kübel & Marc Wittmann, 2020. "A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception: BPS, CFC-14, SAQ, and MQT," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-28, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:22:p:8477-:d:445749
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yongping Zhao & Jia Wei & Yuanshu Chen & Lingxiang Xia, 2018. "Consideration of future consequences (CFC) serves as a buffer against aggression related to psychopathy," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, September.
    2. John Horn, 1965. "A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 30(2), pages 179-185, June.
    3. Webley, Paul & Nyhus, Ellen K., 2006. "Parents' influence on children's future orientation and saving," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 140-164, February.
    4. Marc Wittmann & Tina Rudolph & Damisela Linares Gutierrez & Isabell Winkler, 2015. "Time Perspective and Emotion Regulation as Predictors of Age-Related Subjective Passage of Time," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-16, December.
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    1. Essl, Andrea & Suter, Manuel & von Bieberstein, Frauke, 2023. "The effect of future-time referencing on pro-environmental behavior," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 107(C).

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