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Measuring organizational play in small businesses

Author

Listed:
  • Jinia Mukerjee

    (Montpellier Business School)

  • Roy Thurik

    (Montpellier Business School)

  • Olivier Torrès

    (Université de Montpellier (MOMA))

  • Annelot Wismans

    (Erasmus University Rotterdam)

Abstract

Although traditionally seen as antinomic to work, play has always existed in work organizations. Recently, as organizations increasingly and openly embrace play, research indicates the positive effects of play, such as on employees’ well-being, attitude to work, and creativity. However, the difficulty in conceptualizing the different types of play in organizations and the absence of measurement tools have hindered large-scale study of play. In the present paper, we develop two measurement scales for two types of organizational play—diversionary and serious play. We use two datasets of French small businesses to develop and test the scales. We pre-test our initial set of items in a first dataset (N = 78). We perform correlation, reliability, and exploratory factor analyses on a second dataset (N = 278) using the items adjusted after the pre-test. Our final scales consist of ten items for diversionary play and seven for serious play. We assess construct validity by selecting a range of constructs pertaining to organizational members’ attitude and perception, as well as to the characteristics of the organization. Our measurement scales demonstrate good reliability and validity. The scales developed in the present study aim to contribute to the literature on play at workplace, the changing nature of modern work and research in entrepreneurial health.

Suggested Citation

  • Jinia Mukerjee & Roy Thurik & Olivier Torrès & Annelot Wismans, 2024. "Measuring organizational play in small businesses," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 74(4), pages 2443-2476, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:manrev:v:74:y:2024:i:4:d:10.1007_s11301-023-00363-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s11301-023-00363-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Olivier Torrès & Roy Thurik, 2019. "Small business owners and health," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(2), pages 311-321, August.
    2. Justin J. P. Jansen & Frans A. J. Van Den Bosch & Henk W. Volberda, 2006. "Exploratory Innovation, Exploitative Innovation, and Performance: Effects of Organizational Antecedents and Environmental Moderators," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(11), pages 1661-1674, November.
    3. Anis Khedhaouria & Călin Gurău & Olivier Torrès, 2015. "Creativity, self-efficacy, and small-firm performance: the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 44(3), pages 485-504, March.
    4. John Horn, 1965. "A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 30(2), pages 179-185, June.
    5. Anis Khedhaouria & Călin Gurău & Olivier Torrès, 2015. "Creativity, self-efficacy, and small-firm performance: the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation," Post-Print hal-02011118, HAL.
    6. Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 1911. "The Principles of Scientific Management," History of Economic Thought Books, McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, number taylor1911.
    7. Tracy L. Dumas & Katherine W. Phillips & Nancy P. Rothbard, 2013. "Getting Closer at the Company Party: Integration Experiences, Racial Dissimilarity, and Workplace Relationships," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(5), pages 1377-1401, October.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Play; Scale development; Serious play; Diversionary play; Small business (owners); Entrepreneurship;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C52 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
    • D23 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship

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