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Immersive Virtual Reality Applications in Schizophrenia Spectrum Therapy: A Systematic Review

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  • Emanuele Bisso

    (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Maria Salvina Signorelli

    (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Michele Milazzo

    (Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Marilena Maglia

    (Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center of Excellence for the acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Riccardo Polosa

    (Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center of Excellence for the acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Eugenio Aguglia

    (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Pasquale Caponnetto

    (Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment, University Hospital “Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center of Excellence for the acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

Abstract

(1) Background : Virtual Reality (VR) is a fully immersive computer simulated experience consisting of a three-dimensional interactive virtual environment, through a head-mounted display (HMD) and controller. The use of virtual reality has recently been proposed for the treatment of various psychiatric conditions, including the spectrum of schizophrenia. Our review aims to investigate the current available evidence regarding the use of immersive virtual reality in the treatment of psychotic symptoms. (2) Methods : From April 2019 to June 2020, we conducted a systematic review aimed at identifying therapeutic applications in immersive virtual reality for the spectrum of schizophrenia, searching for relevant studies on Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINHAL. (3) Results : We identified a total of 2601 unique records. Of these, 64 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and six out of these met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final systematic review. (4) Conclusions : The available data on immersive virtual reality are currently limited due to the few studies carried out on the topic; however, it has demonstrated its effectiveness and versatility in successfully treating various psychotic symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, or cognitive and social skills. Existing literature agrees on safe, tolerable, and long-term persistence of the therapeutic effects obtained by immersive VR. No serious side effects have been reported. In some specific cases, VR therapy was found to be very effective compared to usual treatment, allowing effective drug free interventions, and therefore without side effects for patients, even in those resistant to normal drug therapies.

Suggested Citation

  • Emanuele Bisso & Maria Salvina Signorelli & Michele Milazzo & Marilena Maglia & Riccardo Polosa & Eugenio Aguglia & Pasquale Caponnetto, 2020. "Immersive Virtual Reality Applications in Schizophrenia Spectrum Therapy: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:17:p:6111-:d:402536
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Torbjørn Netland & Rafael Lorenz & Daniel Kwasnitschka & Julian Senoner & Clemens Gróf, 2024. "Immersive Learning with Virtual Field Visits: Spherical Video-Based Virtual Reality of Factory Environments," INFORMS Transactions on Education, INFORMS, vol. 24(3), pages 259-270, May.
    2. Hongqidi Li & Wenyi Dong & Zhimeng Wang & Nuo Chen & Jianping Wu & Guangxin Wang & Ting Jiang, 2021. "Effect of a Virtual Reality-Based Restorative Environment on the Emotional and Cognitive Recovery of Individuals with Mild-to-Moderate Anxiety and Depression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-30, August.
    3. Adéla Plechatá & Lukáš Hejtmánek & Martina Bednářová & Iveta Fajnerová, 2021. "Cognitive Remediation in Virtual Environments for Patients with Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder: A Feasibility Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-15, August.
    4. Pasquale Caponnetto & Mirko Casu, 2022. "Update on Cyber Health Psychology: Virtual Reality and Mobile Health Tools in Psychotherapy, Clinical Rehabilitation, and Addiction Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-12, March.

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