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Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Laila Fitria

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Doni Hikmat Ramdhan

    (Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Pornpimol Kongtip

    (Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand)

  • Susan Woskie

    (Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA)

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in agricultural population is an increasing issue. This study aims to obtain a prevalence estimate of CKDu in male rice farmers in West Java, Indonesia; and analyze the relationship between CKDu and environmental and occupational factors. The study design was cross-sectional. This study included 354 healthy male farmers in two rice agriculture areas in West Java with different altitudes (low altitude and high-altitude location). This research included blood and urine sampling from the farmers for serum creatinine (SCr) level and proteinuria; questionnaire on demographic information, occupational factors and other risk factors for CKDu. We measured ambient temperature and humidity in both study locations for environmental factors. From SCr level and proteinuria, we categorized the farmers into five stages of CKD; then we distinguished CKDu from CKD if the farmers had stage 1–4 of CKD but without diabetes, hypertension and other traditional causes. Data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression to get prevalence odd ratios of CKDu and its relationship with environmental and occupational factors, adjusted with other risk factors of CKDu. The overall prevalence of CKD was 24.9% and CKDu was 18.6%. For the environmental factors, farm location (high altitude versus low altitude location) was associated with CKDu (Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR): 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.5). For the occupational factors, although not significant, the risk of CKDu increased with the longer use of insecticide and with the more frequent of insecticide use. We suggested that there was a need to conduct future research to investigate more on the association of those environmental and occupational factors with CKDu.

Suggested Citation

  • Laila Fitria & Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono & Doni Hikmat Ramdhan & Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono & Pornpimol Kongtip & Susan Woskie, 2020. "Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:12:p:4521-:d:375419
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Riley, L. & Guthold, R. & Cowan, M. & Savin, S. & Bhatti, L. & Armstrong, T. & Bonita, R., 2016. "The world health organization STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk-factor surveillance: Methods, challenges, and opportunities," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(1), pages 74-78.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kristina Jakobsson & Jason Glaser & Catharina Wesseling, 2020. "Prevalence Studies on CKDu Need Stringent Reporting on Outcomes to Enhance Comparability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-3, September.
    2. Laila Fitria & Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono & Doni Hikmat Ramdhan & Susan Woskie, 2020. "Reply to “Comment on Fitria et al. ‘Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia’ Int. J. Environ. Re," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-4, October.
    3. I. D. U. H. Piyathilake & J. L. P. C. Randika & R. M. K. T. Rathnayaka & E. P. N. Udayakumara & L. V. Ranaweera & S. K. Gunatilake & C. B. Dissanayake, 2022. "Socio-economic determinants of Chronic Kidney Diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDu) in the Uva Province, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 12(4), pages 782-793, December.
    4. Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono & Laila Fitria & Doni Hikmat Ramdhan & Fitriyani Fitriyani & Sifa Fauzia & Susan Woskie, 2022. "Determinants of Hypertension amongst Rice Farmers in West Java, Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    5. T.D.K.S.C. Gunasekara & P. Mangala C.S. De Silva & Chula Herath & Sisira Siribaddana & Nipuna Siribaddana & Channa Jayasumana & Sudheera Jayasinghe & Maria Cardenas-Gonzalez & Nishad Jayasundara, 2020. "The Utility of Novel Renal Biomarkers in Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu): A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.

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