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The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa

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  • Tayo Alex Adekiya

    (Biotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
    Current address: Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.)

  • Raphael Taiwo Aruleba

    (Biotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
    Current address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.)

  • Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye

    (Biotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
    Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria)

  • Kazeem Oare Okosun

    (Department of Mathematics, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa)

  • Abidemi Paul Kappo

    (Biotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa)

Abstract

In the next century, global warming, due to changes in climatic factors, is expected to have an enormous influence on the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Over the years, the rate at which vector-borne diseases and their transmission dynamics modify and develop has been shown to be highly dependent to a certain extent on changes in temperature and geographical distribution. Schistosomiasis has been recognized as a tropical and neglected vector-borne disease whose rate of infection has been predicted to be elevated worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; the region currently with the highest proportion of people at risk, due to changes in climate. This review not only suggests the need to develop an efficient and effective model that will predict Schistosoma spp. population dynamics but seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of several current control strategies. The design of a framework model to predict and accommodate the future incidence of schistosomiasis in human population dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa is proposed. The impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission as well as the distribution of several freshwater snails responsible for the transmission of Schistosoma parasites in the region is also reviewed. Lastly, this article advocates for modelling several control mechanisms for schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa so as to tackle the re-infection of the disease, even after treating infected people with praziquantel, the first-line treatment drug for schistosomiasis.

Suggested Citation

  • Tayo Alex Adekiya & Raphael Taiwo Aruleba & Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye & Kazeem Oare Okosun & Abidemi Paul Kappo, 2019. "The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-22, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2019:i:1:p:181-:d:302145
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sara L. M. Trærup & Ramon A. Ortiz & Anil Markandya, 2011. "The Costs of Climate Change: A Study of Cholera in Tanzania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Ken Caldeira & Michael E. Wickett, 2003. "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH," Nature, Nature, vol. 425(6956), pages 365-365, September.
    3. Stephen Eubank & Hasan Guclu & V. S. Anil Kumar & Madhav V. Marathe & Aravind Srinivasan & Zoltán Toroczkai & Nan Wang, 2004. "Modelling disease outbreaks in realistic urban social networks," Nature, Nature, vol. 429(6988), pages 180-184, May.
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