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Environmental and Genetic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Special Emphasis on Data from Arabian Studies

Author

Listed:
  • Noor B. Almandil

    (Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Deem N. Alkuroud

    (Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Sayed AbdulAzeez

    (Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdulla AlSulaiman

    (Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdelhamid Elaissari

    (Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP-UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France)

  • J. Francis Borgio

    (Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

One of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide is autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by language delay, impaired communication interactions, and repetitive patterns of behavior caused by environmental and genetic factors. This review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of recently published literature on ASD and especially novel insights into excitatory synaptic transmission. Even though numerous genes have been discovered that play roles in ASD, a good understanding of the pathophysiologic process of ASD is still lacking. The protein–protein interactions between the products of NLGN , SHANK , and NRXN synaptic genes indicate that the dysfunction in synaptic plasticity could be one reason for the development of ASD. Designing more accurate diagnostic tests for the early diagnosis of ASD would improve treatment strategies and could enhance the appropriate monitoring of prognosis. This comprehensive review describes the psychotropic and antiepileptic drugs that are currently available as effective pharmacological treatments and provides in-depth knowledge on the concepts related to clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and genetic perspectives of ASD. An increase in the prevalence of ASD in Gulf Cooperation Council countries is also addressed in the review. Further, the review emphasizes the need for international networking and multidimensional studies to design novel and effective treatment strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Noor B. Almandil & Deem N. Alkuroud & Sayed AbdulAzeez & Abdulla AlSulaiman & Abdelhamid Elaissari & J. Francis Borgio, 2019. "Environmental and Genetic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Special Emphasis on Data from Arabian Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:4:p:658-:d:208496
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bhaskar Sen & Neil C Borle & Russell Greiner & Matthew R G Brown, 2018. "A general prediction model for the detection of ADHD and Autism using structural and functional MRI," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(4), pages 1-28, April.
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    4. Dalila Pinto & Alistair T. Pagnamenta & Lambertus Klei & Richard Anney & Daniele Merico & Regina Regan & Judith Conroy & Tiago R. Magalhaes & Catarina Correia & Brett S. Abrahams & Joana Almeida & Ele, 2010. "Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders," Nature, Nature, vol. 466(7304), pages 368-372, July.
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    1. Wadzanai Manjeese & Nontobeko E. Mvubu & Adrie J. C. Steyn & Thabisile Mpofana, 2021. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Induced Maternal Immune Activation Promotes Autism-Like Phenotype in Infected Mice Offspring," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-13, April.
    2. Anna Strunecka & Otakar Strunecky, 2019. "Chronic Fluoride Exposure and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-21, September.

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