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The Dynamics of Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Neurotoxic Compounds and Neurotransmitters Interact

Author

Listed:
  • Ilona Quaak

    (Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085 T-634, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Madeleine R. Brouns

    (Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085 T-634, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Margot Van de Bor

    (Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085 T-634, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

In recent years concern has risen about the increasing prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Accumulating evidence shows that exposure to neurotoxic compounds is related to ASD. Neurotransmitters might play a key role, as research has indicated a connection between neurotoxic compounds, neurotransmitters and ASD. In the current review a literature overview with respect to neurotoxic exposure and the effects on neurotransmitter systems is presented. The aim was to identify mechanisms and related factors which together might result in ASD. The literature reported in the current review supports the hypothesis that exposure to neurotoxic compounds can lead to alterations in the GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic system which have been related to ASD in previous work. However, in several studies findings were reported that are not supportive of this hypothesis. Other factors also might be related, possibly altering the mechanisms at work, such as time and length of exposure as well as dose of the compound. Future research should focus on identifying the pathway through which these factors interact with exposure to neurotoxic compounds making use of human studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Ilona Quaak & Madeleine R. Brouns & Margot Van de Bor, 2013. "The Dynamics of Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Neurotoxic Compounds and Neurotransmitters Interact," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-25, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:8:p:3384-3408:d:27768
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Joseph T. Glessner & Kai Wang & Guiqing Cai & Olena Korvatska & Cecilia E. Kim & Shawn Wood & Haitao Zhang & Annette Estes & Camille W. Brune & Jonathan P. Bradfield & Marcin Imielinski & Edward C. Fr, 2009. "Autism genome-wide copy number variation reveals ubiquitin and neuronal genes," Nature, Nature, vol. 459(7246), pages 569-573, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hamad S. Alyami & Abdallah Y. Naser & Mohammad H. Alyami & Salem H. Alharethi & Abdullah M. Alyami, 2022. "Knowledge and Attitudes toward Autism Spectrum Disorder in Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-14, March.
    2. Moslem Mohammadi, 2016. "Comments on Quaak, et al. The Dynamics of Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Neurotoxic Compounds and Neurotransmitters Interact. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10 , 3384–3408," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-2, December.

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