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Assessment of Infantile Mineral Imbalances in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)

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  • Hiroshi Yasuda

    (La Belle Vie Research Laboratory, 8-4 Nihonbashi-Tomizawacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0006, Japan)

  • Toyoharu Tsutsui

    (La Belle Vie Research Laboratory, 8-4 Nihonbashi-Tomizawacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0006, Japan)

Abstract

The interactions between genes and the environment are now regarded as the most probable explanation for autism. In this review, we summarize the results of a metallomics study in which scalp hair concentrations of 26 trace elements were examined for 1,967 autistic children (1,553 males and 414 females aged 0–15 years-old), and discuss recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic roles of infantile mineral imbalances in the pathogenesis of autism. In the 1,967 subjects, 584 (29.7%) and 347 (17.6%) were found deficient in zinc and magnesium, respectively, and the incidence rate of zinc deficiency was estimated at 43.5% in male and 52.5% in female infantile subjects aged 0–3 years-old. In contrast, 339 (17.2%), 168 (8.5%) and 94 (4.8%) individuals were found to suffer from high burdens of aluminum, cadmium and lead, respectively, and 2.8% or less from mercury and arsenic. High toxic metal burdens were more frequently observed in the infants aged 0–3 years-old, whose incidence rates were 20.6%, 12.1%, 7.5%, 3.2% and 2.3% for aluminum, cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively. These findings suggest that infantile zinc- and magnesium-deficiency and/or toxic metal burdens may be critical and induce epigenetic alterations in the genes and genetic regulation mechanisms of neurodevelopment in the autistic children, and demonstrate that a time factor “infantile window” is also critical for neurodevelopment and probably for therapy. Thus, early metallomics analysis may lead to early screening/estimation and treatment/prevention for the autistic neurodevelopment disorders.

Suggested Citation

  • Hiroshi Yasuda & Toyoharu Tsutsui, 2013. "Assessment of Infantile Mineral Imbalances in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:11:p:6027-6043:d:30311
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    2. Mohammad H. Rahbar & Maureen Samms-Vaughan & Meagan R. Pitcher & Jan Bressler & Manouchehr Hessabi & Katherine A. Loveland & MacKinsey A. Christian & Megan L. Grove & Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington &, 2016. "Role of Metabolic Genes in Blood Aluminum Concentrations of Jamaican Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Shamshad Karatela & Christin Coomarasamy & Janis Paterson & Neil I. Ward, 2020. "Exposure to Toenail Heavy Metals and Child Behavior Problems in Nine-Year-Old Children: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-12, June.

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