IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v15y2018i5p859-d143246.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effects of Internet and Smartphone Addictions on Depression and Anxiety Based on Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Yeon-Jin Kim

    (Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea)

  • Hye Min Jang

    (Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea)

  • Youngjo Lee

    (Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)

  • Donghwan Lee

    (Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Dai-Jin Kim

    (Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, Korea
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The associations of Internet addiction (IA) and smartphone addiction (SA) with mental health problems have been widely studied. We investigated the effects of IA and SA on depression and anxiety while adjusting for sociodemographic variables. In this study, 4854 participants completed a cross-sectional web-based survey including socio-demographic items, the Korean Scale for Internet Addiction, the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, and the subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90 Items-Revised. The participants were classified into IA, SA, and normal use (NU) groups. To reduce sampling bias, we applied the propensity score matching method based on genetics matching. The IA group showed an increased risk of depression (relative risk 1.207; p < 0.001) and anxiety (relative risk 1.264; p < 0.001) compared to NUs. The SA group also showed an increased risk of depression (relative risk 1.337; p < 0.001) and anxiety (relative risk 1.402; p < 0.001) compared to NCs. These findings show that both, IA and SA, exerted significant effects on depression and anxiety. Moreover, our findings showed that SA has a stronger relationship with depression and anxiety, stronger than IA, and emphasized the need for prevention and management policy of the excessive smartphone use.

Suggested Citation

  • Yeon-Jin Kim & Hye Min Jang & Youngjo Lee & Donghwan Lee & Dai-Jin Kim, 2018. "Effects of Internet and Smartphone Addictions on Depression and Anxiety Based on Propensity Score Matching Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-10, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:5:p:859-:d:143246
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/5/859/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/5/859/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. James J. Heckman & Jeffrey A. Smith, 1995. "Assessing the Case for Social Experiments," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 9(2), pages 85-110, Spring.
    2. Marco Caliendo & Sabine Kopeinig, 2008. "Some Practical Guidance For The Implementation Of Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 31-72, February.
    3. Daria J. Kuss & Mark D. Griffiths, 2017. "Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, March.
    4. Daria J. Kuss & Mark D. Griffiths, 2011. "Online Social Networking and Addiction—A Review of the Psychological Literature," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-25, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yang Yang & Zhongqiu Li & Yingying Su & Shanshan Wu & Boyou Li, 2019. "Customers as Co-Creators: Antecedents of Customer Participation in Online Virtual Communities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Sulki Chung & Jaekyoung Lee & Hae Kook Lee, 2019. "Personal Factors, Internet Characteristics, and Environmental Factors Contributing to Adolescent Internet Addiction: A Public Health Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Zhang, Qi & Ma, Xiaofeng, 2024. "The associations between destructive parenting practice and addiction behaviors in internet and smartphone: A three-level meta-analysis," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    4. Xian Liang & Hui Xiao & Fangmiao Hou & Xuan Guo & Lishan Li & Longjunjiang Huang, 2024. "Breaking the chains of poverty: examining the influence of smartphone usage on multidimensional poverty in rural settings," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, December.
    5. Zubair Ahmed Ratan & Anne-Maree Parrish & Sojib Bin Zaman & Mohammad Saud Alotaibi & Hassan Hosseinzadeh, 2021. "Smartphone Addiction and Associated Health Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.
    6. Antonio-José Moreno-Guerrero & Gerardo Gómez-García & Jesús López-Belmonte & Carmen Rodríguez-Jiménez, 2020. "Internet Addiction in the Web of Science Database: A Review of the Literature with Scientific Mapping," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-16, April.
    7. Lv, Jianping & Meng, Cuicui & Guo, Xinmeng & Fei, Junsong & Yuan, Tongshuang & Yue, Jingyi & Gao, Ren & Song, Qianqian & Zhao, Xixi & Mei, Songli, 2023. "The association between sex-specific typologies of mobile phone addiction, alexithymia and negative emotions among college students: A latent profile analysis," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    8. Julia Sajewicz & Alicja Dziuba-Słonina, 2023. "Texting on a Smartphone While Walking Affects Gait Parameters," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-8, March.
    9. José-María Romero-Rodríguez & Inmaculada Aznar-Díaz & José-Antonio Marín-Marín & Rebeca Soler-Costa & Carmen Rodríguez-Jiménez, 2020. "Impact of Problematic Smartphone Use and Instagram Use Intensity on Self-Esteem with University Students from Physical Education," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-10, June.
    10. Seung-Yup Lee & Hae Kook Lee & Jung-Seok Choi & Soo-young Bang & Min-Hyeon Park & Kyu-In Jung & Yong-Sil Kweon, 2020. "The Matthew Effect in Recovery from Smartphone Addiction in a 6-Month Longitudinal Study of Children and Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-17, July.
    11. Qi Zhang & Guangming Ran & Jing Ren, 2022. "Parental Psychological Control and Addiction Behaviors in Smartphone and Internet: The Mediating Role of Shyness among Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-12, December.
    12. So-Young Park & Sonam Yang & Chang-Sik Shin & Hyunseok Jang & So-Youn Park, 2019. "Long-Term Symptoms of Mobile Phone Use on Mobile Phone Addiction and Depression Among Korean Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-11, September.
    13. Yi-Ying Wu & Wen-Huei Chou, 2023. "A Bibliometric Analysis to Identify Research Trends in Intervention Programs for Smartphone Addiction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-16, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daria J. Kuss & Lydia Harkin & Eiman Kanjo & Joel Billieux, 2018. "Problematic Smartphone Use: Investigating Contemporary Experiences Using a Convergent Design," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Melina A. Throuvala & Mark D. Griffiths & Mike Rennoldson & Daria J. Kuss, 2019. "A ‘Control Model’ of Social Media Engagement in Adolescence: A Grounded Theory Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-18, November.
    3. Majid Altuwairiqi & Nan Jiang & Raian Ali, 2019. "Problematic Attachment to Social Media: Five Behavioural Archetypes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-36, June.
    4. Miguel Angel Malo & Fernando Muñoz-Bullón, 2006. "Employment promotion measures and the quality of the job match for persons with disabilities," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 179(4), pages 79-111, September.
    5. Oana Calavrezo & Richard Duhautois & Emmanuelle Walkowiak, 2010. "Chômage partiel et disparition des établissements : une analyse à partir de données françaises," Working Papers hal-00831493, HAL.
    6. Joseph Capuno & Ma. Garcia, 2010. "Can Information about Local Government Performance Induce Civic Participation? Evidence from the Philippines," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(4), pages 624-643.
    7. Jones A.M & Rice N, 2009. "Econometric Evaluation of Health Policies," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 09/09, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
    8. Begum, Sharifa & Ahmed , Mansur & Sen, Binayak, 2011. "Do Water and Sanitation Interventions Reduce Childhood Diarrhoea? New Evidence from Bangladesh," Bangladesh Development Studies, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), vol. 34(3), pages 1-30, September.
    9. Pennacchio, Luca, 2013. "The causal effect of venture capital backing on the underpricing of Italian IPOs," MPRA Paper 48695, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Schneider Hilmar & Uhlendorff Arne & Zimmermann Klaus F., 2013. "Ökonometrie vs. Projektdesign: Lehren aus der Evaluation eines Modellprojekts zur Umsetzung des Workfare-Konzepts," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 233(1), pages 65-85, February.
    11. Hiu Yan Wong & Hoi Yi Mo & Marc N. Potenza & Mung Ni Monica Chan & Wai Man Lau & Tsz Kwan Chui & Amir H. Pakpour & Chung-Ying Lin, 2020. "Relationships between Severity of Internet Gaming Disorder, Severity of Problematic Social Media Use, Sleep Quality and Psychological Distress," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-13, March.
    12. Barbara Casu & Andrew Clare & Anna Sarkisyan & Stephen Thomas, 2013. "Securitization and Bank Performance," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 45(8), pages 1617-1658, December.
    13. Berhane, Guush & Gardebroek, Cornelius, 2012. "Assessing the long-term impact of microcredit on rural poverty: Does the timing and length of participation matter?," ESSP working papers 43, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    14. Caterina Primi & Giulia Fioravanti & Silvia Casale & Maria Anna Donati, 2021. "Measuring Problematic Facebook Use among Adolescents and Young Adults with the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale: A Psychometric Analysis by Applying Item Response Theory," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-15, March.
    15. Eric Stokan & Lyke Thompson & Robert J. Mahu, 2015. "Testing the Differential Effect of Business Incubators on Firm Growth," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 29(4), pages 317-327, November.
    16. Aradhna Aggarwal, 2010. "Impact evaluation of India's ‘Yeshasvini’ community‐based health insurance programme," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(S1), pages 5-35, September.
    17. Calavrezo, Oana & Duhautois, Richard & Walkowiak, Emmanuelle, 2010. "Short-Time Compensation and Establishment Exit: An Empirical Analysis with French Data," IZA Discussion Papers 4989, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    18. Sulasula, Josephine, 2023. "Effects of social media addiction on daily work performance of government employees," MPRA Paper 117995, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Hohenleitner, Ingrid & Hillmann, Katja, 2019. "Impact of welfare sanctions on employment and benefit receipt: Considering top-up benefits and indirect sanctions," HWWI Research Papers 189, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI).
    20. Schneider, Hilmar & Uhlendorff, Arne & Zimmermann, Klaus F., 2010. "Mit Workfare aus der Sozialhilfe? Lehren aus einem Modellprojekt," IZA Standpunkte 33, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:5:p:859-:d:143246. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.