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Assessing Women’s Negative Sanitation Experiences and Concerns: The Development of a Novel Sanitation Insecurity Measure

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  • Bethany A. Caruso

    (Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Thomas Clasen

    (Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Kathryn M. Yount

    (Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Hannah L. F. Cooper

    (Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Craig Hadley

    (Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Regine Haardörfer

    (Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

Abstract

Lack of access to acceptable sanitation facilities can expose individuals, particularly women, to physical, social, and mental health risks. While some of the challenges have been documented, standard metrics are needed to determine the extent to which women have urination- and defecation-related concerns and negative experiences. Such metrics also are needed to assess the effectiveness of interventions to mitigate them. We developed a sanitation insecurity measure to capture the range and frequency of women’s sanitation-related concerns and negative experiences. Research was conducted in rural Odisha, India with women across various life course stages to reflect a range of perspectives. This paper documents the mixed data collection methods and the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses we employed to arrive at a final measure. The final sanitation insecurity measure includes 50 items across seven factors that reflect the physical environment, the social environment, and individual-level constraints. Most factor scores were significantly higher for unmarried women and for women who lacked access to functional latrines, indicating social and environmental influence on experiences. This measure will enable researchers to evaluate how sanitation insecurity affects health and to determine if and how sanitation interventions ameliorate women’s concerns and negative experiences associated with sanitation.

Suggested Citation

  • Bethany A. Caruso & Thomas Clasen & Kathryn M. Yount & Hannah L. F. Cooper & Craig Hadley & Regine Haardörfer, 2017. "Assessing Women’s Negative Sanitation Experiences and Concerns: The Development of a Novel Sanitation Insecurity Measure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-22, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:7:p:755-:d:104366
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hamelin, Anne-Marie & Beaudry, Micheline & Habicht, Jean-Pierre, 2002. "Characterization of household food insecurity in Québec: food and feelings," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 119-132, January.
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    5. Wutich, Amber & Ragsdale, Kathleen, 2008. "Water insecurity and emotional distress: Coping with supply, access, and seasonal variability of water in a Bolivian squatter settlement," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(12), pages 2116-2125, December.
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    7. Hadley, Craig & Lindstrom, David & Tessema, Fasil & Belachew, Tefara, 2008. "Gender bias in the food insecurity experience of Ethiopian adolescents," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 66(2), pages 427-438, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Suich, Helen & Pham, Trang & Yap, Mandy, 2024. "Individuals’ experiences of multidimensional poverty through the lenses of gender and age – Findings from South Africa," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 34(C).
    2. Bethany A. Caruso & Gerard Portela & Shauna McManus & Thomas Clasen, 2020. "Assessing Women’s Menstruation Concerns and Experiences in Rural India: Development and Validation of a Menstrual Insecurity Measure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-26, May.

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