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Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Zhenni Xing

    (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China)

  • Jianjiang Lu

    (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China)

  • Zilong Liu

    (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China)

  • Shanman Li

    (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China)

  • Gehui Wang

    (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China)

  • Xiaolong Wang

    (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China)

Abstract

Although perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been identified in milk and dairy products in many regions, knowledge on their occurrence in Xinjiang (China) is rare. This study was conducted to measure the levels of PFOA and PFOS in milk and yogurt from Xinjiang and to investigate the average daily intake (ADI) of these two compounds. PFOA and PFOS levels were analyzed using ultrasonic extraction with methanol and solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Retail milk and yogurt samples present higher detection rates (39.6% and 48.1%) and mean concentrations (24.5 and 31.8 ng/L) of PFOS than those of PFOA (33.0% and 37.0%; 16.2 and 22.6 ng/L, respectively). For raw milk samples, only PFOS was detected. The differences in the levels of the two compounds between samples from the north and south regions were observed, and northern regions showed higher pollution levels than southern regions. On the basis of the retail milk measurements and consumption data, the ADIs of PFOA and PFOS for Xinjiang adults were calculated to be 0.0211 and 0.0318 ng/kg/day, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated intakes of PFOA and PFOS varied among different groupings (age, area, gender, and race) and increased with increasing age. Relevant hazard ratios were found to be far less than 1.0, and this finding suggested that no imminent health damages were produced by PFOA and PFOS intake via milk and yogurt consumption in the Xinjiang population.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhenni Xing & Jianjiang Lu & Zilong Liu & Shanman Li & Gehui Wang & Xiaolong Wang, 2016. "Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-13, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:10:p:1037-:d:81146
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maria Grazia Porpora & Renato Lucchini & Annalisa Abballe & Anna Maria Ingelido & Silvia Valentini & Eliana Fuggetta & Veronica Cardi & Adele Ticino & Valentina Marra & Anna Rita Fulgenzi & Elena De F, 2013. "Placental Transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Preliminary Study on Mother-Newborn Pairs," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Jillian Ashley-Martin & Linda Dodds & Tye E. Arbuckle & Anne-Sophie Morisset & Mandy Fisher & Maryse F. Bouchard & Gabriel D. Shapiro & Adrienne S. Ettinger & Patricia Monnier & Renee Dallaire & Shayn, 2016. "Maternal and Neonatal Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Gestational Weight Gain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gehui Wang & Jianjiang Lu & Zhenni Xing & Shanman Li & Zilong Liu & Yanbin Tong, 2017. "Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Gaurav Jha & Vanaja Kankarla & Everald McLennon & Suman Pal & Debjani Sihi & Biswanath Dari & Dawson Diaz & Mallika Nocco, 2021. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: Environmental Exposure and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-20, November.

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