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Pooling Bio-Specimens in the Presence of Measurement Error and Non-Linearity in Dose-Response: Simulation Study in the Context of a Birth Cohort Investigating Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author

Listed:
  • Karyn Heavner

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA)

  • Craig Newschaffer

    (A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA)

  • Irva Hertz-Picciotto

    (Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA)

  • Deborah Bennett

    (Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA)

  • Igor Burstyn

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA)

Abstract

We sought to determine the potential effects of pooling on power, false positive rate (FPR), and bias of the estimated associations between hypothetical environmental exposures and dichotomous autism spectrum disorders (ASD) status. Simulated birth cohorts in which ASD outcome was assumed to have been ascertained with uncertainty were created. We investigated the impact on the power of the analysis (using logistic regression) to detect true associations with exposure (X 1 ) and the FPR for a non-causal correlate of exposure (X 2 , r = 0.7) for a dichotomized ASD measure when the pool size, sample size, degree of measurement error variance in exposure, strength of the true association, and shape of the exposure-response curve varied. We found that there was minimal change (bias) in the measures of association for the main effect (X 1 ). There is some loss of power but there is less chance of detecting a false positive result for pooled compared to individual level models. The number of pools had more effect on the power and FPR than the overall sample size. This study supports the use of pooling to reduce laboratory costs while maintaining statistical efficiency in scenarios similar to the simulated prospective risk-enriched ASD cohort.

Suggested Citation

  • Karyn Heavner & Craig Newschaffer & Irva Hertz-Picciotto & Deborah Bennett & Igor Burstyn, 2015. "Pooling Bio-Specimens in the Presence of Measurement Error and Non-Linearity in Dose-Response: Simulation Study in the Context of a Birth Cohort Investigating Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-20, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:11:p:14780-14799:d:59086
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Clarice R. Weinberg & David M. Umbach, 1999. "Using Pooled Exposure Assessment to Improve Efficiency in Case-Control Studies," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 55(3), pages 718-726, September.
    2. Karyn Heavner & Igor Burstyn, 2015. "A Simulation Study of Categorizing Continuous Exposure Variables Measured with Error in Autism Research: Small Changes with Large Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-37, August.
    3. Emily M. Mitchell & Robert H. Lyles & Amita K. Manatunga & Michelle Danaher & Neil J. Perkins & Enrique F. Schisterman, 2014. "Regression for skewed biomarker outcomes subject to pooling," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 70(1), pages 202-211, March.
    4. Igor Burstyn & Jonathan W. Martin & Sanjay Beesoon & Fiona Bamforth & Qiaozhi Li & Yutaka Yasui & Nicola M. Cherry, 2013. "Maternal Exposure to Bisphenol-A and Fetal Growth Restriction: A Case-Referent Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Hae-Young Kim & Michael G. Hudgens & Jonathan M. Dreyfuss & Daniel J. Westreich & Christopher D. Pilcher, 2007. "Comparison of Group Testing Algorithms for Case Identification in the Presence of Test Error," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 63(4), pages 1152-1163, December.
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