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Extricating Sex and Gender in Air Pollution Research: A Community-Based Study on Cardinal Symptoms of Exposure

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  • Tor H. Oiamo

    (Social Science Centre, Department of Geography, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada)

  • Isaac N. Luginaah

    (Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada)

Abstract

This study investigated sex and gender differences in cardinal symptoms of exposure to a mixture of ambient pollutants. A cross sectional population-based study design was utilized in Sarnia, ON, Canada. Stratified random sampling in census tracts of residents aged 18 and over recruited 804 respondents. Respondents completed a community health survey of chronic disease, general health, and socioeconomic indicators. Residential concentrations of NO 2 , SO 2 , benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o/m/p -xylene were estimated by land use regression on data collected through environmental monitoring. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used to identify variables that interacted with sex and cardinal symptoms of exposure, and a series of logistic regression models were built to predict the reporting of five or more cardinal symptoms (5+ CS). Without controlling for confounders, higher pollution ranks increased the odds ratio (OR) of reporting 5+ CS by 28% ( p < 0.01; Confidence Interval (CI): 1.07–1.54). Females were 1.52 ( p < 0.05; CI: 1.03–2.26) times more likely more likely to report 5+ CS after controlling for income, age and chronic diseases. The CART analysis showed that allergies and occupational exposure classified the sample into the most homogenous groups of males and females. The likelihood of reporting 5+ CS among females was higher after stratifying the sample based on occupational exposure. However, stratifying by allergic disease resulted in no significant sex difference in symptom reporting. The results confirmed previous research that found pre-existing health conditions to increase susceptibility to ambient air pollution, but additionally indicated that stronger effects on females is partly due to autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, gender differences in occupational exposure confound the effect size of exposure in studies based on residential levels of air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Tor H. Oiamo & Isaac N. Luginaah, 2013. "Extricating Sex and Gender in Air Pollution Research: A Community-Based Study on Cardinal Symptoms of Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:9:p:3801-3817:d:28220
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Keegan, T.H.M. & Hurley, S. & Goldberg, D. & Nelson, D.O. & Reynolds, P. & Bernstein, L. & Horn-Ross, P.L. & Gomez, S.L., 2012. "The association between neighborhood characteristics and body size and physical activity in the california teachers study cohort," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(4), pages 689-697.
    2. Jerrett, Michael & Buzzelli, Michael & Burnett, Richard T. & DeLuca, Patrick F., 2005. "Particulate air pollution, social confounders, and mortality in small areas of an industrial city," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(12), pages 2845-2863, June.
    3. Luginaah, Isaac N. & Taylor, S. Martin & Elliott, Susan J. & Eyles, John D., 2000. "A longitudinal study of the health impacts of a petroleum refinery," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 50(7-8), pages 1155-1166, April.
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    1. Diana Poli & Paola Mozzoni & Silvana Pinelli & Delia Cavallo & Bruno Papaleo & Lidia Caporossi, 2022. "Sex Difference and Benzene Exposure: Does It Matter?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Lisha Luo & Yunquan Zhang & Junfeng Jiang & Hanghang Luan & Chuanhua Yu & Peihong Nan & Bin Luo & Mao You, 2018. "Short-Term Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Hospitalization for Respiratory Disease in Taiyuan, China: A Time-Series Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-14, October.

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