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The Oakville Oil Refinery Closure and Its Influence on Local Hospitalizations: A Natural Experiment on Sulfur Dioxide

Author

Listed:
  • Wesley S. Burr

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Robert Dales

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
    Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada)

  • Ling Liu

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Dave Stieb

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
    School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada)

  • Marc Smith-Doiron

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Branka Jovic

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Lisa Marie Kauri

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Hwashin Hyun Shin

    (Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
    Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada)

Abstract

Background : An oil refinery in Oakville, Canada, closed over 2004–2005, providing an opportunity for a natural experiment to examine the effects on oil refinery-related air pollution and residents’ health. Methods : Environmental and health data were collected for the 16 years around the refinery closure. Toronto (2.5 million persons) and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA, 6.3 million persons) were used as control and reference populations, respectively, for Oakville (160,000 persons). We compared sulfur dioxide and age- and season-standardized hospitalizations, considering potential factors such as changes in demographics, socio-economics, drug prescriptions, and environmental variables. Results : The closure of the refinery eliminated 6000 tons/year of SO 2 emissions, with an observed reduction of 20% in wind direction-adjusted ambient concentrations in Oakville. After accounting for trends, a decrease in cold-season peak-centered respiratory hospitalizations was observed for Oakville (reduction of 2.2 cases/1000 persons per year, p = 0.0006 ) but not in Toronto (p = 0.856) and the GTA (p = 0.334). The reduction of respiratory hospitalizations in Oakville post closure appeared to have no observed link to known confounders or effect modifiers. Conclusion : The refinery closure allowed an assessment of the change in community health. This natural experiment provides evidence that a reduction in emissions was associated with improvements in population health. This study design addresses the impact of a removed source of air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Wesley S. Burr & Robert Dales & Ling Liu & Dave Stieb & Marc Smith-Doiron & Branka Jovic & Lisa Marie Kauri & Hwashin Hyun Shin, 2018. "The Oakville Oil Refinery Closure and Its Influence on Local Hospitalizations: A Natural Experiment on Sulfur Dioxide," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:9:p:2029-:d:170355
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Arden Pope III, C., 1989. "Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill, Utah Valley," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 79(5), pages 623-628.
    2. Luginaah, Isaac N. & Taylor, S. Martin & Elliott, Susan J. & Eyles, John D., 2000. "A longitudinal study of the health impacts of a petroleum refinery," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 50(7-8), pages 1155-1166, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Che-Jung Chang & Guiping Li & Shao-Qing Zhang & Kun-Peng Yu, 2019. "Employing a Fuzzy-Based Grey Modeling Procedure to Forecast China’s Sulfur Dioxide Emissions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-10, July.

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