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Smoking and Pregnancy — A Review on the First Major Environmental Risk Factor of the Unborn

Author

Listed:
  • Mathias Mund

    (Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany)

  • Frank Louwen

    (Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany)

  • Doris Klingelhoefer

    (Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany)

  • Alexander Gerber

    (Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany)

Abstract

Smoking cigarettes throughout pregnancy is one of the single most important avoidable causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and it represents the first major environmental risk of the unborn. If compared with other risk factors in the perinatal period, exposure to tobacco smoke is considered to be amongst the most harmful and it is associated with high rates of long and short term morbidity and mortality for mother and child. A variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes are linked with cigarette consumption before and during pregnancy. Maternal prenatal cigarette smoke disturbs the equilibrium among the oxidant and antioxidant system, has negative impact on the genetic and cellular level of both mother and fetus and causes a large quantity of diseases in the unborn child. These smoking-induced damages for the unborn offspring manifest themselves at various times in life and for most only a very limited range of causal treatment exists. Education, support and assistance are of high importance to decrease maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, as there are few other avoidable factors which influence a child’s health that profoundly throughout its life. It is imperative that smoking control should be seen as a public health priority.

Suggested Citation

  • Mathias Mund & Frank Louwen & Doris Klingelhoefer & Alexander Gerber, 2013. "Smoking and Pregnancy — A Review on the First Major Environmental Risk Factor of the Unborn," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-15, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:12:p:6485-6499:d:30895
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. George L. Wehby & Kaitlin Prater & Ann Marie McCarthy & Eduardo E. Castilla & Jeffrey C. Murray, 2011. "The Impact of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Early Child Neurodevelopment," Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 5(2), pages 207-254.
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    2. Kamila Szumilas & Paweł Szumilas & Anna Grzywacz & Aleksandra Wilk, 2020. "The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Johann P. Addicks & Stefanie Uibel & Anna-Maria Jensen & Matthias Bundschuh & Doris Klingelhoefer & David A. Groneberg, 2014. "MRSA: A Density-Equalizing Mapping Analysis of the Global Research Architecture," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-11, September.
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    5. Maria Schulz & Alexander Gerber & David A. Groneberg, 2016. "Are Filter-Tipped Cigarettes Still Less Harmful than Non-Filter Cigarettes?—A Laser Spectrometric Particulate Matter Analysis from the Non-Smokers Point of View," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-11, April.
    6. Sumi Hoshiko & Michelle Pearl & Juan Yang & Kenneth M. Aldous & April Roeseler & Martha E. Dominguez & Daniel Smith & Gerald N. DeLorenze & Martin Kharrazi, 2019. "Differences in Prenatal Tobacco Exposure Patterns among 13 Race/Ethnic Groups in California," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-13, February.
    7. Hanne Kristine Hegaard & Ane Lilleøre Rom & Karl Bang Christensen & Lotte Broberg & Stinne Høgh & Cecilie Holm Christiansen & Nina Olsen Nathan & Mie Gaarskjaer de Wolff & Peter Damm, 2021. "Lifestyle Habits among Pregnant Women in Denmark during the First COVID-19 Lockdown Compared with a Historical Period—A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-13, July.
    8. Fleur Delva & Guyguy Manangama & Patrick Brochard & Raphaëlle Teysseire & Loïc Sentilhes, 2020. "The ARTEMIS Center: An Environmental Health Prevention Platform Dedicated to Reproduction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-13, January.
    9. Markus Braun & Doris Klingelhöfer & Gerhard M. Oremek & David Quarcoo & David A. Groneberg, 2020. "Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children—An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-25, May.
    10. Vivian Lyall & Jillian Guy & Sonya Egert & Leigh-Anne Pokino & Lynne Rogers & Deborah Askew, 2020. "“They Were Willing to Work with Me and Not Pressure Me”: A Qualitative Investigation into the Features of Value of a Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy Program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wo," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-14, December.

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