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State of the Art and Future Trends in Grid Codes Applicable to Isolated Electrical Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Julia Merino

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales, Technical University of Madrid, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
    Smart Grids and Energy Storage Area, Energy and Environment Division, Tecnalia R&I, C/Geldo, Edificio 700, Derio 48160, Spain)

  • Patricio Mendoza-Araya

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Energy Center, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile)

  • Carlos Veganzones

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales, Technical University of Madrid, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain)

Abstract

Isolated electrical systems lack electrical interconnection to other networks and are usually placed in geographically isolated areas—mainly islands or locations in developing countries. Until recently, only diesel generators were able to assure a safe and reliable supply in exchange for very high costs for fuel transportation and system operation. Transmission system operators (TSOs) are increasingly seeking to replace traditional energy models based on large groups of conventional generation units with mixed solutions where diesel groups are held as backup generation and important advantages are provided by renewable energy sources. The grid codes determine the technical requirements to be fulfilled by the generators connected in any electrical network, but regulations applied to isolated grids are more demanding. In technical literature it is rather easy to find and compare grid codes for interconnected electrical systems. However, the existing literature is incomplete and sparse regarding isolated grids. This paper aims to review the current state of isolated systems and grid codes applicable to them, specifying points of comparison and defining the guidelines to be followed by the upcoming regulations.

Suggested Citation

  • Julia Merino & Patricio Mendoza-Araya & Carlos Veganzones, 2014. "State of the Art and Future Trends in Grid Codes Applicable to Isolated Electrical Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(12), pages 1-19, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:7:y:2014:i:12:p:7936-7954:d:42827
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bouffard, François & Kirschen, Daniel S., 2008. "Centralised and distributed electricity systems," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 4504-4508, December.
    2. Julia Merino & Carlos Veganzones & Jose A. Sanchez & Sergio Martinez & Carlos A. Platero, 2012. "Power System Stability of a Small Sized Isolated Network Supplied by a Combined Wind-Pumped Storage Generation System: A Case Study in the Canary Islands," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-19, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xing Luo & Jihong Wang & Jacek D. Wojcik & Jianguo Wang & Decai Li & Mihai Draganescu & Yaowang Li & Shihong Miao, 2018. "Review of Voltage and Frequency Grid Code Specifications for Electrical Energy Storage Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-26, April.
    2. Etxegarai, Agurtzane & Eguia, Pablo & Torres, Esther & Iturregi, Araitz & Valverde, Victor, 2015. "Review of grid connection requirements for generation assets in weak power grids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 1501-1514.
    3. Malhotra, Abhishek & Battke, Benedikt & Beuse, Martin & Stephan, Annegret & Schmidt, Tobias, 2016. "Use cases for stationary battery technologies: A review of the literature and existing projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 705-721.

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