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Flexible On-Grid and Off-Grid Control for Electric–Hydrogen Coupling Microgrids

Author

Listed:
  • Zhengyao Wang

    (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China)

  • Fulin Fan

    (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
    Suzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215104, China)

  • Hang Zhang

    (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China)

  • Kai Song

    (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
    Suzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215104, China
    State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Power Equipment, Harbin 150001, China)

  • Jinhai Jiang

    (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
    Suzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215104, China)

  • Chuanyu Sun

    (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
    Suzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215104, China)

  • Rui Xue

    (Suzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215104, China)

  • Jingran Zhang

    (Shenzhen Energy Group Company Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China)

  • Zhengjian Chen

    (Shenzhen Energy Group Company Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China)

Abstract

With the widespread integration of renewable energy into distribution networks, energy storage systems are playing an increasingly critical role in maintaining grid stability and sustainability. Hydrogen, as a key zero-carbon energy carrier, offers unique advantages in the transition to low-carbon energy systems. To facilitate the coordination between hydrogen and renewables, this paper proposes a flexible on-grid and off-grid control method for an electric–hydrogen hybrid AC-DC microgrid which integrates photovoltaic panels, battery energy storage, electrolysers, a hydrogen storage tank, and fuel cells. The flexible control method proposed here employs a hierarchical structure. The upper level adopts a power management strategy (PMS) that allocates power to each component based on the states of energy storage. The lower level utilises the master–slave control where master and slave converters are regulated by virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and active and reactive power (PQ) control, respectively. In addition, a pre-synchronisation control strategy which does not rely on traditional phase-locked loops is introduced to enable a smooth transition from the off-grid to on-grid mode. The electric–hydrogen microgrid along with the proposed control method is modelled and tested under various operating modes and scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control method achieves an effective power dispatch within microgrid and maintains microgrid stability in on- and off-grid modes as well as in the transition between the two modes.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhengyao Wang & Fulin Fan & Hang Zhang & Kai Song & Jinhai Jiang & Chuanyu Sun & Rui Xue & Jingran Zhang & Zhengjian Chen, 2025. "Flexible On-Grid and Off-Grid Control for Electric–Hydrogen Coupling Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:985-:d:1593879
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tae-Gyu Kim & Hoon Lee & Chang-Gyun An & Junsin Yi & Chung-Yuen Won, 2023. "Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Energy Management Strategy Based on Two-Step ANN," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-23, February.
    2. Alok Ranjan & Sanjay Bodkhe & Gaurav Goyal & Archana Belge & Sneha Tibude, 2024. "Experimental Study on Heuristics Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-15, November.
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    5. Jonathan Andrés Basantes & Daniela Estefanía Paredes & Jacqueline Rosario Llanos & Diego Edmundo Ortiz & Claudio Danilo Burgos, 2023. "Energy Management System (EMS) Based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for an Isolated DC Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-22, March.
    6. Chen Wang & Shangbin Jiao & Youmin Zhang & Xiaohui Wang & Yujun Li, 2024. "Adaptive Variable Universe Fuzzy Droop Control Based on a Novel Multi-Strategy Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm for a Direct Current Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-39, October.
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