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A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control and Solar Energy Integration: Challenges & Opportunities in Indian Context

Author

Listed:
  • Anjana Singh

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India)

  • Ravi Shankar

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India)

  • Amitesh Kumar

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India)

Abstract

Energy plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, and India’s energy consumption has increased notably due to its growing population and development. At present, fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas fulfill the majority of India’s energy requirements, but their swift depletion and negative environmental effects present significant challenges. India’s abundant solar energy potential—estimated at approximately 5000 trillion kWh annually—positions the nation to harness clean and sustainable power. With steady growth, solar energy has become a key component of India’s power grid. However, integrating renewable energy into the grid presents challenges, such as maintaining frequency and voltage stability. This report analyzes India’s substantial advancements in solar energy, emphasizing the enabling government policies and the problems associated with integrating renewable energy into the grid. The study underscores the crucial need for effective load frequency control (LFC) solutions to mitigate grid stability issues, intensified by the fluctuating and intermittent characteristics of solar energy. It also evaluates policy-driven approaches and technological advancements, providing practical recommendations to overcome integration challenges. This research aims to contribute to the effective deployment of solar energy in India’s energy mix, ensuring long-term grid stability and sustainability, and it underscores that India’s creative strategies can serve as a model for other nations facing analogous issues in renewable energy integration. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing optimal practices that integrate energy security, economic development, and environmental objectives, thus contributing to global dialogs on energy transitions.

Suggested Citation

  • Anjana Singh & Ravi Shankar & Amitesh Kumar, 2025. "A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control and Solar Energy Integration: Challenges & Opportunities in Indian Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-55, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:843-:d:1588743
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rathore, Pushpendra Kumar Singh & Chauhan, Durg Singh & Singh, Rudra Pratap, 2019. "Decentralized solar rooftop photovoltaic in India: On the path of sustainable energy security," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 297-307.
    2. Désiré D. Rasolomampionona & Michał Połecki & Krzysztof Zagrajek & Wiktor Wróblewski & Marcin Januszewski, 2024. "A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-74, June.
    3. Pavlos Nikolaidis & Harris Partaourides, 2021. "A Model Predictive Control for the Dynamical Forecast of Operating Reserves in Frequency Regulation Services," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-14, March.
    4. Muhammad Majid Gulzar & Muhammad Iqbal & Sulman Shahzad & Hafiz Abdul Muqeet & Muhammad Shahzad & Muhammad Majid Hussain, 2022. "Load Frequency Control (LFC) Strategies in Renewable Energy-Based Hybrid Power Systems: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, May.
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