IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i4p815-d1587546.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Load Frequency Control Based on Gray Wolf Optimizer Algorithm for Modern Power Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Dao Huy Tuan

    (Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Dao Trong Tran

    (Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Van Nguyen Ngoc Thanh

    (Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Van Van Huynh

    (Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

Abstract

The increasing complexity of modern power systems (MPSs), driven by the integration of renewable energy sources and multi-area configurations, demands robust and adaptive load frequency control (LFC) strategies. This paper proposes a novel approach to the LFC of the MPS by integrating a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller optimized using the gray wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the GWO-PID method is evaluated on multi-area power systems, including systems integrated with wind energy. The GWO-PID controller shows superior frequency stability, achieving deviations of 49.67 Hz, 49.68 Hz, 49.87 Hz, 49.87 Hz and 49.88 Hz for area 1 and area 2 of the two-area multisource MPS, as well as for area 1, area 2 and area 3 in the three-area multisource MPS. The results demonstrate significant improvements in frequency stabilization, reduced oscillations and enhanced steady-state accuracy compared to traditional optimization techniques. This study emphasizes the scalability and adaptability of the proposed method to changing load conditions and complexity of the MPSs, providing a potential solution to ensure stability and reliability for the MPSs.

Suggested Citation

  • Dao Huy Tuan & Dao Trong Tran & Van Nguyen Ngoc Thanh & Van Van Huynh, 2025. "Load Frequency Control Based on Gray Wolf Optimizer Algorithm for Modern Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:815-:d:1587546
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/815/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/815/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ahmed Fathy & Ahmed Kassem & Zaki A. Zaki, 2022. "A Robust Artificial Bee Colony-Based Load Frequency Control for Hydro-Thermal Interconnected Power System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Désiré D. Rasolomampionona & Michał Połecki & Krzysztof Zagrajek & Wiktor Wróblewski & Marcin Januszewski, 2024. "A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-74, June.
    3. Vincent N. Ogar & Sajjad Hussain & Kelum A. A. Gamage, 2023. "Load Frequency Control Using the Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm and PID Controller for Effective Monitoring of Transmission Line," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-17, August.
    4. Xinghua Liu & Siwei Qiao & Zhiwei Liu, 2023. "A Survey on Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems: Recent Challenges and Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ashraf K. Abdelaal & Mohamed A. El-Hameed, 2024. "Application of Robust Super Twisting to Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area System Comprising Renewable Energy Resources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Sherif A. Zaid & Ahmed M. Kassem & Aadel M. Alatwi & Hani Albalawi & Hossam AbdelMeguid & Atef Elemary, 2023. "Optimal Control of an Autonomous Microgrid Integrated with Super Magnetic Energy Storage Using an Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, May.
    3. Anjana Singh & Ravi Shankar & Amitesh Kumar, 2025. "A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control and Solar Energy Integration: Challenges & Opportunities in Indian Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-55, February.
    4. Waqar Younis & Muhammad Zubair Yameen & Abu Tayab & Hafiz Ghulam Murtza Qamar & Ehab Ghith & Mehdi Tlija, 2024. "Enhancing Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power System Using Hybrid PSO-AHA Optimizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-40, August.
    5. K. Nagendra & K. Varun & G. Som Pal & K. Santosh & Sunil Semwal & Manoj Badoni & Rajeev Kumar, 2024. "A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-36, November.
    6. Mitul Ranjan Chakraborty & Subhojit Dawn & Pradip Kumar Saha & Jayanta Bhusan Basu & Taha Selim Ustun, 2023. "System Economy Improvement and Risk Shortening by Fuel Cell-UPFC Placement in a Wind-Combined System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-30, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:815-:d:1587546. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.