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Hydrogen Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Non-Recoverable Cushion Gas after Storage

Author

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  • Katarzyna Luboń

    (Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, J. Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Krakow, Poland)

  • Radosław Tarkowski

    (Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, J. Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Underground hydrogen storage facilities require cushion gas to operate, which is an expensive one-time investment. Only some of this gas is recoverable after the end of UHS operation. A significant percentage of the hydrogen will remain in underground storage as non-recoverable cushion gas. Efforts must be made to reduce it. This article presents the results of modeling the cushion gas withdrawal after the end of cyclical storage operation. It was found that the amount of non-recoverable cushion gas is fundamentally influenced by the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period, the hydrogen flow rate, and the timing of the upconing occurrence. Upconing is one of the main technical barriers to hydrogen storage in deep saline aquifers. The ratio of non-recoverable cushion gas to cushion gas (NRCG/CG) decreases with an increasing amount of cushion gas. The highest ratio, 0.63, was obtained in the shortest 2-year initial filling period. The lowest ratio, 0.35, was obtained when utilizing the longest initial filling period of 4 years and employing the largest amount of cushion gas. The presented cases of cushion gas recovery can help investors decide which storage option is the most advantageous based on the criteria that are important to them.

Suggested Citation

  • Katarzyna Luboń & Radosław Tarkowski, 2024. "Hydrogen Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Non-Recoverable Cushion Gas after Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:6:p:1493-:d:1361150
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chai, Maojie & Chen, Zhangxin & Nourozieh, Hossein & Yang, Min, 2023. "Numerical simulation of large-scale seasonal hydrogen storage in an anticline aquifer: A case study capturing hydrogen interactions and cushion gas injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    2. Tarkowski, R. & Uliasz-Misiak, B., 2022. "Towards underground hydrogen storage: A review of barriers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    3. Tarkowski, Radosław & Lankof, Leszek & Luboń, Katarzyna & Michalski, Jan, 2024. "Hydrogen storage capacity of salt caverns and deep aquifers versus demand for hydrogen storage: A case study of Poland," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    4. Tagliapietra, Simone & Zachmann, Georg & Edenhofer, Ottmar & Glachant, Jean-Michel & Linares, Pedro & Loeschel, Andreas, 2019. "The European union energy transition: Key priorities for the next five years," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 950-954.
    5. Tarkowski, Radoslaw, 2019. "Underground hydrogen storage: Characteristics and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 86-94.
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