IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i4p961-d1341352.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Effectiveness of HEVs Phase-Out by 2035 in Favor of BEVs with Respect to the Production of CO 2 Emissions: The Italian Case

Author

Listed:
  • Francesca Maria Grimaldi

    (CNR-STEMS, Via G.Marconi, 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Pietro Capaldi

    (CNR-STEMS, Via G.Marconi, 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

The EU has planned the phase-out of new vehicles based on internal combustion engines in favor of high-efficiency battery electric vehicles (BEV) by 2035 (Fit for 55 package). However, many doubts remain about the effectiveness of this choice for each country of the Union in terms of CO 2 emissions reduction, as each State is characterized by a different carbon intensity related to the production of electricity needed to manufacture and recharge vehicles. This study seeks to explore the Italian case. To this aim, carbon intensities related to electricity production were calculated considering both the Italian electricity mix production in 2022 and those envisaged in 2035, considering two energy scenarios based on different introductions of renewable energy sources (RES). Afterward, the values obtained were adopted for determining the CO 2 emissions related to the whole production process of battery systems in Italy (emissions from mining and refining, scrap materials, and final assembly included) by comparing some of the most up-to-date Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) analyses related to the manufacturing cycle of the batteries. Finally, the results were adopted to calculate the starting carbon debit for A, B, C, and M car segments for Mild Hybrid, Full Hybrid, and Full Electric powertrains. At the same time, statistical road fuel/electricity consumption data were collected and overall CO 2 emissions were calculated for the same vehicles adopting a dynamic approach and plotted for a defined distance, so as to determine break-even points with respect to the cumulative (i.e., from battery and road) carbon emissions. The results showed that advantages related to electric vehicles are significant only if a low carbon intensity related to electricity production is reached by means of a very high introduction of RES, thus keeping the door open for innovative hybrid powertrain technologies, if fed with low carbon fuels.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesca Maria Grimaldi & Pietro Capaldi, 2024. "The Effectiveness of HEVs Phase-Out by 2035 in Favor of BEVs with Respect to the Production of CO 2 Emissions: The Italian Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-20, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:4:p:961-:d:1341352
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/4/961/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/4/961/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cox, Brian & Bauer, Christian & Mendoza Beltran, Angelica & van Vuuren, Detlef P. & Mutel, Christopher L., 2020. "Life cycle environmental and cost comparison of current and future passenger cars under different energy scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    2. Onat, Nuri Cihat & Kucukvar, Murat & Tatari, Omer, 2015. "Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 36-49.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Branco, José Eduardo Holler & da Rocha, Fernando Vinícius & Péra, Thiago Guilherme & de Bastiani, Fernando Pauli & Bartholomeu, Daniela Bacchi & Costa, Everton Lima & Grilo Junior, Isaias, 2024. "Assessing greenhouse gas emissions and costs of Brazilian light-duty vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kucukvar, Murat & Haider, Muhammad Ali & Onat, Nuri Cihat, 2017. "Exploring the material footprints of national electricity production scenarios until 2050: The case for Turkey and UK," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 251-263.
    2. Desreveaux, A. & Bouscayrol, A. & Trigui, R. & Hittinger, E. & Castex, E. & Sirbu, G.M., 2023. "Accurate energy consumption for comparison of climate change impact of thermal and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    3. Daniel Rasbash & Kevin Joseph Dillman & Jukka Heinonen & Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson, 2023. "A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-26, January.
    4. Yang, Jian & Zhang, Tiezhu & Hong, Jichao & Zhang, Hongxin & Zhao, Qinghai & Meng, Zewen, 2021. "Research on driving control strategy and Fuzzy logic optimization of a novel mechatronics-electro-hydraulic power coupling electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    5. Nenming Wang & Guwen Tang, 2022. "A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-35, March.
    6. Yih-Her Yan & Rong-Ceng Leou & Chien-Chin Ko, 2024. "A Model for Electrifying Fire Ambulance Service Stations Considering Practical Service Data and Charging Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-13, March.
    7. Paolo Falbo & Giorgio Ferrari & Giorgio Rizzini & Maren Diane Schmeck, 2020. "Optimal switch from a fossil-fueled to an electric vehicle," Papers 2012.09493, arXiv.org.
    8. Li, Wei & Jia, Zhijie & Zhang, Hongzhi, 2017. "The impact of electric vehicles and CCS in the context of emission trading scheme in China: A CGE-based analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 800-816.
    9. Marmiroli, Benedetta & Venditti, Mattia & Dotelli, Giovanni & Spessa, Ezio, 2020. "The transport of goods in the urban environment: A comparative life cycle assessment of electric, compressed natural gas and diesel light-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    10. Haugen, Molly J. & Paoli, Leonardo & Cullen, Jonathan & Cebon, David & Boies, Adam M., 2021. "A fork in the road: Which energy pathway offers the greatest energy efficiency and CO2 reduction potential for low-carbon vehicles?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    11. Andri Ottesen & Sumayya Banna & Basil Alzougool, 2022. "Attitudes of Drivers towards Electric Vehicles in Kuwait," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, September.
    12. Hung, Yi-Hsuan & Tung, Yu-Ming & Chang, Chun-Hsin, 2016. "Optimal control of integrated energy management/mode switch timing in a three-power-source hybrid powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 184-196.
    13. Adeline Gu'eret & Wolf-Peter Schill & Carlos Gaete-Morales, 2024. "Impacts of electric carsharing on a power sector with variable renewables," Papers 2402.19380, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2024.
    14. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 119-134.
    15. Brady, John & O’Mahony, Margaret, 2016. "Development of a driving cycle to evaluate the energy economy of electric vehicles in urban areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 165-178.
    16. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul D. & Watterson, Peter A. & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "The dynamic performance and economic benefit of a blended braking system in a multi-speed battery electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1240-1258.
    17. Paul Baustert & Tomás Navarrete Gutiérrez & Thomas Gibon & Laurent Chion & Tai-Yu Ma & Gabriel Leite Mariante & Sylvain Klein & Philippe Gerber & Enrico Benetto, 2019. "Coupling Activity-Based Modeling and Life Cycle Assessment—A Proof-of-Concept Study on Cross-Border Commuting in Luxembourg," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(15), pages 1-24, July.
    18. Schwab, Julia & Sölch, Christian & Zöttl, Gregor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Cost in 2035: The impact of market penetration and charging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    19. Daraei, Mahsa & Avelin, Anders & Dotzauer, Erik & Thorin, Eva, 2019. "Evaluation of biofuel production integrated with existing CHP plants and the impacts on production planning of the system – A case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    20. Ramachandran Kannan & Evangelos Panos & Stefan Hirschberg & Tom Kober, 2022. "A net‐zero Swiss energy system by 2050: Technological and policy options for the transition of the transportation sector," Futures & Foresight Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(3-4), September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:4:p:961-:d:1341352. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.