The Optimal Integration of Virtual Power Plants for the South African National Grid Based on an Energy Mix as per the Integrated Resource Plan 2019: A Review

The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2019 outlines South Africa’s goal of achieving a diverse and sustainable energy mix. To achieve this, innovative methods must be found to integrate renewable energy sources while preserving grid stability. Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), which combine dispersed energy resources like solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, and battery storage into a single, intelligent system, are one such approach. This study provides a thorough analysis of the best way to integrate VPPs into South Africa’s national grid, highlighting the associated operational, regulatory, and technological challenges. In order to optimize VPP efficiency, this research looks at a number of key areas, such as enhanced renewable energy forecasting, energy management systems (EMSs), and distributed energy resource (DER) integration. Additionally, it examines how VPPs help demand-side management, reduce intermittency in renewable energy sources, and improve grid flexibility. In addition, this paper analyzes the market and regulatory structures required to permit VPP participation in energy markets and guarantee a smooth transition to a decentralized energy environment. This paper highlights the crucial role VPPs could play in reaching the nation’s renewable energy targets, lowering dependency on fossil fuels, and enhancing energy access. Through this review, this paper offers insights into the technological viability and strategic benefits of VPP implementation in South Africa. The findings highlight that for VPPs to successfully integrate into South Africa’s energy landscape, it will be necessary to overcome technological, regulatory, and market-related barriers.