IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i1p249-d1312450.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electric Vehicles—An Overview of Current Issues—Part 1—Environmental Impact, Source of Energy, Recycling, and Second Life of Battery

Author

Listed:
  • Marek Guzek

    (Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Jerzy Jackowski

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Transportation, Military University of Technology (WAT), Street gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Rafał S. Jurecki

    (Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Ave. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Emilia M. Szumska

    (Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Ave. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Piotr Zdanowicz

    (Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Marcin Żmuda

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Transportation, Military University of Technology (WAT), Street gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

The rapid transition to electric-drive vehicles is taking place globally. Most automakers are adding electric models to their lineups to prepare for the new electric future. From the analysis of the automotive market, it is evident that there is a growing interest in such vehicles. They are expected to account for half the models released after 2030. Electric-drive vehicles include battery-electric vehicles. As indicated in the research literature and emphasized by experts, electric vehicles (EVs) are supposed to be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional vehicles. The rising number and variety of EVs contribute to a better understanding of their performance. With more EVs on the market, there are problems to be solved and challenges to overcome. This article is the first part of a two-article series reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of EVs. The article analyzes the environmental effects of EVs at each stage of their life cycle, compares large- and small-scale recycling methods, and explores the potential applications of second-life batteries. This article is an attempt to find out how environmentally friendly EVs are.

Suggested Citation

  • Marek Guzek & Jerzy Jackowski & Rafał S. Jurecki & Emilia M. Szumska & Piotr Zdanowicz & Marcin Żmuda, 2024. "Electric Vehicles—An Overview of Current Issues—Part 1—Environmental Impact, Source of Energy, Recycling, and Second Life of Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-25, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:1:p:249-:d:1312450
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/1/249/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/1/249/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jia, Chunchun & Zhou, Jiaming & He, Hongwen & Li, Jianwei & Wei, Zhongbao & Li, Kunang & Shi, Man, 2023. "A novel energy management strategy for hybrid electric bus with fuel cell health and battery thermal- and health-constrained awareness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    2. Shrestha, Anil & Mustafa, Andy Ali & Htike, Myo Myo & You, Vithyea & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2022. "Evolution of energy mix in emerging countries: Modern renewable energy, traditional renewable energy, and non-renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 419-432.
    3. Benjamin Jones & Viet Nguyen‐Tien & Robert J. R. Elliott, 2023. "The electric vehicle revolution: Critical material supply chains, trade and development," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(1), pages 2-26, January.
    4. Díaz, Antonia & Marrero, Gustavo A. & Puch, Luis A. & Rodríguez, Jesús, 2019. "Economic growth, energy intensity and the energy mix," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1056-1077.
    5. Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Rana, Md. Jaber & Saha, Sourav Mohan & Haseeb, Mohammad & Islam, Md. Sayemul & Amin, Md. Ruhul & Hossain, Md. Emran, 2023. "Role of energy mix and eco-innovation in achieving environmental sustainability in the USA using the dynamic ARDL approach: Accounting the supply side of the ecosystem," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    6. Anna Pražanová & Vaclav Knap & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2022. "Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-29, February.
    7. Jones, Ben & Elliott, Robert J.R. & Nguyen-Tien, Viet, 2020. "The EV revolution: The road ahead for critical raw materials demand," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    8. Nathalie Müller & Jordi J. Teixidó, 2021. "The effect of the EU ETS free allowance allocation on energy mix diversification: the case of Poland’s power sector," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(6), pages 804-822, July.
    9. Bhattacharya, Mita & Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy & Ozturk, Ilhan & Bhattacharya, Sankar, 2016. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 733-741.
    10. Tan, Xiujie & Sun, Qian & Wang, Meiji & Se Cheong, Tsun & Yan Shum, Wai & Huang, Jinpeng, 2022. "Assessing the effects of emissions trading systems on energy consumption and energy mix," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    11. Gambhir, Ajay & Napp, Tamaryn A. & Emmott, Christopher J.M. & Anandarajah, Gabrial, 2014. "India's CO2 emissions pathways to 2050: Energy system, economic and fossil fuel impacts with and without carbon permit trading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 791-801.
    12. Bauer, Christian & Hofer, Johannes & Althaus, Hans-Jörg & Del Duce, Andrea & Simons, Andrew, 2015. "The environmental performance of current and future passenger vehicles: Life cycle assessment based on a novel scenario analysis framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 871-883.
    13. Emilia M. Szumska & Rafał Jurecki, 2022. "The Analysis of Energy Recovered during the Braking of an Electric Vehicle in Different Driving Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-16, December.
    14. Cao, Jidi & Chen, Xin & Qiu, Rui & Hou, Shuhua, 2021. "Electric vehicle industry sustainable development with a stakeholder engagement system," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Abbas, Khizar & Han, Mengyao & Xu, Deyi & Butt, Khalid Manzoor & Baz, Khan & Cheng, Jinhua & Zhu, Yongguang & Hussain, Sanwal, 2024. "Exploring synergistic and individual causal effects of rare earth elements and renewable energy on multidimensional economic complexity for sustainable economic development," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    2. AlSabbagh, Maha & Siu, Yim Ling & Guehnemann, Astrid & Barrett, John, 2017. "Integrated approach to the assessment of CO2e-mitigation measures for the road passenger transport sector in Bahrain," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 203-215.
    3. Minglin Wang & Shaolong Zeng & Yunzhe Wang & Zhengxia He, 2022. "Does Clean Energy Use Have Threshold Effects on Economic Development? A Case of Theoretical and Empirical Analyses from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-18, August.
    4. George Ekonomou & George Halkos, 2023. "Exploring the Impact of Economic Growth on the Environment: An Overview of Trends and Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-19, June.
    5. Villanthenkodath, Muhammed Ashiq & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2021. "Does economic growth respond to electricity consumption asymmetrically in Bangladesh? The implication for environmental sustainability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    6. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 199-212.
    7. Hosein Mohammadi & Sayed Saghaian & Bahareh Zandi Dareh Gharibi, 2023. "Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Its Impact on Economic Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, February.
    8. Panagiotis Trivellas & Georgios Malindretos & Panagiotis Reklitis, 2020. "Implications of Green Logistics Management on Sustainable Business and Supply Chain Performance: Evidence from a Survey in the Greek Agri-Food Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-29, December.
    9. Ostadzad, Ali Hossein, 2022. "Innovation and carbon emissions: Fixed-effects panel threshold model estimation for renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 602-617.
    10. Okumus, Fevzi & Kocak, Emrah, 2023. "Tourism and economic output: Do asymmetries matter?," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    11. Hu, Xueyue & Wang, Chunying & Elshkaki, Ayman, 2024. "Material-energy Nexus: A systematic literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    12. Wei Wang & Kehui Wei & Oleksandr Kubatko & Vladyslav Piven & Yulija Chortok & Oleksandr Derykolenko, 2023. "Economic Growth and Sustainable Transition: Investigating Classical and Novel Factors in Developed Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-15, August.
    13. Desreveaux, A. & Bouscayrol, A. & Trigui, R. & Hittinger, E. & Castex, E. & Sirbu, G.M., 2023. "Accurate energy consumption for comparison of climate change impact of thermal and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    14. Namahoro, J.P. & Wu, Q. & Su, H., 2023. "Wind energy, industrial-economic development and CO2 emissions nexus: Do droughts matter?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    15. Gerard Bikorimana & Charles Rutikanga & Didier Mwizerwa, 2020. "Linking energy consumption with economic growth: Rwanda as a case study," ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2020(2), pages 181-200.
    16. Trivedi, Jatin & Chakraborty, Dipanwita & Nobanee, Haitham, 2023. "Modelling the growth dynamics of sustainable renewable energy – Flourishing green financing," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    17. Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. & Olabode, Joshua K. & Rafi, Syed K., 2021. "Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions and human development: Empirical comparison of the trajectories of world regions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1836-1848.
    18. Saidi Kais & Ben Mbarek Mounir, 2017. "Causal interactions between environmental degradation, renewable energy, nuclear energy and real GDP: a dynamic panel data approach," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 37(1), pages 51-67, March.
    19. Juangsa, Firman Bagja & Prananto, Lukman Adi & Mufrodi, Zahrul & Budiman, Arief & Oda, Takuya & Aziz, Muhammad, 2018. "Highly energy-efficient combination of dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane and hydrogen-based power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 31-38.
    20. Riza Radmehr & Samira Shayanmehr & Ernest Baba Ali & Elvis Kwame Ofori & Elżbieta Jasińska & Michał Jasiński, 2022. "Exploring the Nexus of Renewable Energy, Ecological Footprint, and Economic Growth through Globalization and Human Capital in G7 Economics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:1:p:249-:d:1312450. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.