IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i17p4456-d1471886.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Possibilities of Liquefied Spruce ( Picea abies ) and Oak ( Quercus robur ) Biomass as an Environmentally Friendly Additive in Conventional Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin Wood Adhesives

Author

Listed:
  • Božidar Matin

    (Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Ivan Brandić

    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Ana Matin

    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Josip Ištvanić

    (Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Alan Antonović

    (Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

Considerable efforts have been made to replace formaldehyde-containing adhesives in the manufacturing of wood products, particularly particleboard, with natural alternatives. One promising solution is the liquefaction of lignocellulosic materials such as wood using glycerol (C 3 H 8 O 3 ) under sulfuric acid catalysis (H 2 SO 4 ). The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and properties of spruce and oak biomass after liquefaction and to evaluate its potential as a formaldehyde-free adhesive substitute. All samples were liquefied at 150 °C for 120 min in five different wood–glycerol ratios (1:1 to 1:5). The liquefaction percentage, the insoluble residue, the dry matter and the hydroxyl (OH) number were determined as characteristic values for the polymer properties of the liquefied samples. The results showed the liquefaction percentage was up to 90% for spruce and oak. The insoluble residue ranged from 10 to 29% for spruce and from 10 to 22% for oak, the dry matter ranged from 54 to 70% for spruce and from 51 to 62% for oak, while the highest xydroxyl number was 570 mg KOH/g for spruce and 839 mg KOH/g for oak. Based on these results, liquefied wood was shown to be an effective natural alternative to synthetic resins in particleboard adhesives and a way to reduce formaldehyde emissions. This research not only supports environmentally sustainable practices but also paves the way for various bioproducts derived from liquefied biomass and points to future avenues for innovation and development in this area.

Suggested Citation

  • Božidar Matin & Ivan Brandić & Ana Matin & Josip Ištvanić & Alan Antonović, 2024. "Possibilities of Liquefied Spruce ( Picea abies ) and Oak ( Quercus robur ) Biomass as an Environmentally Friendly Additive in Conventional Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin Wood Adhesives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:17:p:4456-:d:1471886
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/17/4456/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/17/4456/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Azwifunimunwe Tshikovhi & Tshwafo Ellias Motaung, 2023. "Technologies and Innovations for Biomass Energy Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-21, August.
    2. Gendek, Arkadiusz & Piętka, Jacek & Aniszewska, Monika & Malaťák, Jan & Velebil, Jan & Tamelová, Barbora & Krilek, Jozef & Moskalik, Tadeusz, 2023. "Energy value of silver fir (Abies alba) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood depending on the degree of its decomposition by selected fungal species," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    3. Sunčica Beluhan & Katarina Mihajlovski & Božidar Šantek & Mirela Ivančić Šantek, 2023. "The Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Pretreatment Methods, Fermentation, and Downstream Processing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-38, October.
    4. Sun Yong Park & Kwang Cheol Oh & Seok Jun Kim & La Hoon Cho & Young Kwang Jeon & DaeHyun Kim, 2023. "Development of a Biomass Component Prediction Model Based on Elemental and Proximate Analyses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Dhyani, Vaibhav & Bhaskar, Thallada, 2018. "A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PB), pages 695-716.
    6. Tomasz Kalak, 2023. "Potential Use of Industrial Biomass Waste as a Sustainable Energy Source in the Future," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-25, February.
    7. Bruno Esteves & Umut Sen & Helena Pereira, 2023. "Influence of Chemical Composition on Heating Value of Biomass: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-17, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Grzegorz Maj & Kamil Buczyński & Kamila E. Klimek & Magdalena Kapłan, 2024. "Evaluation of Growth and Energy Parameters of One-Year-Old Raspberry Shoots, Depending on the Variety," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-12, June.
    2. Ivan Brandić & Lato Pezo & Neven Voća & Ana Matin, 2024. "Biomass Higher Heating Value Estimation: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Hilal Unyay & Piotr Piersa & Magdalena Zabochnicka & Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda & Piotr Kuryło & Ksawery Kuligowski & Paweł Kazimierski & Taras Hutsol & Arkadiusz Dyjakon & Edyta Wrzesińska-Jędrusiak &, 2023. "Torrefaction of Willow in Batch Reactor and Co-Firing of Torrefied Willow with Coal," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-23, December.
    4. José Ramón Copa Rey & Cecilia Mateos-Pedrero & Andrei Longo & Bruna Rijo & Paulo Brito & Paulo Ferreira & Catarina Nobre, 2024. "Renewable Hydrogen from Biomass: Technological Pathways and Economic Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-36, July.
    5. Yang, Yuhan & Wang, Tiancheng & Hu, Hongyun & Yao, Dingding & Zou, Chan & Xu, Kai & Li, Xian & Yao, Hong, 2021. "Influence of partial components removal on pyrolysis behavior of lignocellulosic biowaste in molten salts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 616-625.
    6. Ayub, Yousaf & Ren, Jingzheng & Shi, Tao & Shen, Weifeng & He, Chang, 2023. "Poultry litter valorization: Development and optimization of an electro-chemical and thermal tri-generation process using an extreme gradient boosting algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    7. Primaz, Carmem T. & Ribes-Greus, Amparo & Jacques, Rosângela A., 2021. "Valorization of cotton residues for production of bio-oil and engineered biochar," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    8. Ye, Lian & Zhang, Jianliang & Wang, Guangwei & Wang, Chen & Mao, Xiaoming & Ning, Xiaojun & Zhang, Nan & Teng, Haipeng & Li, Jinhua & Wang, Chuan, 2023. "Feasibility analysis of plastic and biomass hydrochar for blast furnace injection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    9. Elhambakhsh, Abbas & Van Duc Long, Nguyen & Lamichhane, Pradeep & Hessel, Volker, 2023. "Recent progress and future directions in plasma-assisted biomass conversion to hydrogen," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    10. Hu, Hangli & Luo, Yanru & Zou, Jianfeng & Zhang, Shukai & Yellezuome, Dominic & Rahman, Md Maksudur & Li, Yingkai & Li, Chong & Cai, Junmeng, 2022. "Exploring aging kinetic mechanisms of bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis based on change in carbonyl content," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 782-790.
    11. Jean de Dieu Marcel Ufitikirezi & Martin Filip & Mohammad Ghorbani & Tomáš Zoubek & Pavel Olšan & Roman Bumbálek & Miroslav Strob & Petr Bartoš & Sandra Nicole Umurungi & Yves Theoneste Murindangabo &, 2024. "Agricultural Waste Valorization: Exploring Environmentally Friendly Approaches to Bioenergy Conversion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-24, April.
    12. Zhao, Ming & Memon, Muhammad Zaki & Ji, Guozhao & Yang, Xiaoxiao & Vuppaladadiyam, Arun K. & Song, Yinqiang & Raheem, Abdul & Li, Jinhui & Wang, Wei & Zhou, Hui, 2020. "Alkali metal bifunctional catalyst-sorbents enabled biomass pyrolysis for enhanced hydrogen production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 168-175.
    13. Zang, Guiyan & Zhang, Jianan & Jia, Junxi & Lora, Electo Silva & Ratner, Albert, 2020. "Life cycle assessment of power-generation systems based on biomass integrated gasification combined cycles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 336-346.
    14. Bernardine Chidozie & Ana Ramos & José Vasconcelos & Luis Pinto Ferreira & Reinaldo Gomes, 2024. "Highlighting Sustainability Criteria in Residual Biomass Supply Chains: A Dynamic Simulation Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-24, November.
    15. Alsulami, Radi A. & El-Sayed, Saad A. & Eltaher, Mohamed A. & Mohammad, Akram & Almitani, Khalid H. & Mostafa, Mohamed E., 2023. "Pyrolysis kinetics and thermal degradation characteristics of coffee, date seed, and prickly pear wastes and their blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    16. Sitek, Tomáš & Pospíšil, Jiří & Poláčik, Ján & Špiláček, Michal & Varbanov, Petar, 2019. "Fine combustion particles released during combustion of unit mass of beechwood," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 390-396.
    17. Kumar, R. & Strezov, V., 2021. "Thermochemical production of bio-oil: A review of downstream processing technologies for bio-oil upgrading, production of hydrogen and high value-added products," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    18. Juan García-Quezada & Ricardo Musule-Lagunes & José Angel Prieto-Ruíz & Daniel José Vega-Nieva & Artemio Carrillo-Parra, 2022. "Evaluation of Four Types of Kilns Used to Produce Charcoal from Several Tree Species in Mexico," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-22, December.
    19. Gupta, Shubhi & Gupta, Goutam Kishore & Mondal, Monoj Kumar, 2019. "Slow pyrolysis of chemically treated walnut shell for valuable products: Effect of process parameters and in-depth product analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 665-676.
    20. Adnan, Muflih A. & Hossain, Mohammad M. & Kibria, Md Golam, 2020. "Biomass upgrading to high-value chemicals via gasification and electrolysis: A thermodynamic analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1367-1379.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:17:p:4456-:d:1471886. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.