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Estimating the Dominant Life Phase Concerning the Effects of Battery Degradation on CO 2 Emissions by Repetitive Cycle Applications: Case Study of an Industrial Battery System Installed in an Electric Bus

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  • Reiko Takahashi

    (Energy Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan)

  • Koji Negishi

    (Energy Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan)

  • Hideki Noda

    (Infrastructure Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan)

  • Mami Mizutani

    (Infrastructure Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan)

Abstract

Many studies have evaluated CO 2 emission from batteries. However, the impact of Li-ion battery (LiB) degradation on the CO 2 emissions from the material through operation phases has not been sufficiently examined. This study aims to clarify the dominant CO 2 emission phase and the impact of the degradation of general industrial LiBs from repetitive cycle applications. We developed a model common to general LiB composition and calculated CO 2 emissions by the LCA method using the IDEA database. Our model simplifies the degradation process, including capacity decrease and internal resistance increase. We used it in a sensitivity analysis of the carbon intensity of electricity charged to a LiB. The loss mechanism was determined by experimental data for an electric bus with an industrial LiB. The results illustrate that the carbon intensity of electricity affects CO 2 emissions dominance, the operation phase for mix (71.3%), and the material phase for renewables (70.9%), and that battery degradation over six years increases the total amount of CO 2 emissions by 11.8% for mix and 3.9% for renewables equivalent. Although there are limitations regarding the assumed conditions, the present results will contribute to building a method for monitoring emissions and to standardizing degradation calculations.

Suggested Citation

  • Reiko Takahashi & Koji Negishi & Hideki Noda & Mami Mizutani, 2023. "Estimating the Dominant Life Phase Concerning the Effects of Battery Degradation on CO 2 Emissions by Repetitive Cycle Applications: Case Study of an Industrial Battery System Installed in an Electric," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:3:p:1508-:d:1056533
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Piotr Wróblewski & Wojciech Drożdż & Wojciech Lewicki & Paweł Miązek, 2021. "Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Aperiodic Phenomena on the Energy Balance of Propulsion Engines in Vehicle Electromobility Systems for Given Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-24, April.
    2. Sadik-Zada, Elkhan Richard & Gatto, Andrea & Scharfenstein, Manuel, 2023. "Sustainable management of lithium and green hydrogen and long-run perspectives of electromobility," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PA).
    3. Andrea Temporelli & Maria Leonor Carvalho & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, June.
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