IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i15p5706-d1206878.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Driving and Energy Profiles of Urban Bus Routes Predicted for Operation with Battery Electric Buses

Author

Listed:
  • Zbigniew Czapla

    (Department of Transport Systems, Traffic Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego Str. 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Sierpiński

    (Department of Transport Systems, Traffic Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego Str. 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland)

Abstract

Battery electric buses are used for operation on urban bus routes. The main disadvantage of battery electric buses is their limited range that depends on energy consumption. This paper presents a new approach to the estimation of energy consumption on urban bus routes based on driving and energy profiles. The energy consumption results from the travel parameters along the bus route. The travel parameters are described by driving profiles. The determination of driving profiles is based on GPS location data recorded by a receiver on a bus. Location data are recorded at consecutive track points at a constant frequency. For each track point, the distance to the preceding track point is determined using the location data, and then the speed and acceleration are calculated. The analyzed bus route is divided into sections. For each section, travel parameters consisting of travel time, speed parameters, and acceleration parameters are determined. Using travel parameters, the energy consumption is estimated for individual sections and the entire bus route. The estimated energy consumption is described by energy profiles. Experimental results have been obtained for the selected urban bus route under various traffic conditions. For the assumed model of energy consumption, the energy consumed on the entire bus route is 1.8 KWh/km at off-peak hours and 2.1 KWh/km at peak hours. The driving and energy profiles describe the urban bus routes well and allow evaluation of the suitability of the bus route for operation with battery electric buses.

Suggested Citation

  • Zbigniew Czapla & Grzegorz Sierpiński, 2023. "Driving and Energy Profiles of Urban Bus Routes Predicted for Operation with Battery Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-19, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:15:p:5706-:d:1206878
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/15/5706/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/15/5706/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yan Xing & Yachao Li & Weidong Liu & Wenqing Li & Lingxuan Meng & Min Ye, 2022. "Operation Energy Consumption Estimation Method of Electric Bus Based on CNN Time Series Prediction," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2022, pages 1-12, October.
    2. Yuan Qiao & Kaisheng Huang & Johannes Jeub & Jianan Qian & Yizhou Song, 2018. "Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Time Cost and Existing Infrastructure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, September.
    3. Xiaoyu Li & Tengyuan Wang & Jiaxu Li & Yong Tian & Jindong Tian, 2022. "Energy Consumption Estimation for Electric Buses Based on a Physical and Data-Driven Fusion Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-17, June.
    4. Julio, Nikolas & Giesen, Ricardo & Lizana, Pedro, 2016. "Real-time prediction of bus travel speeds using traffic shockwaves and machine learning algorithms," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 250-257.
    5. Perumal, Shyam S.G. & Lusby, Richard M. & Larsen, Jesper, 2022. "Electric bus planning & scheduling: A review of related problems and methodologies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(2), pages 395-413.
    6. Cedric De Cauwer & Joeri Van Mierlo & Thierry Coosemans, 2015. "Energy Consumption Prediction for Electric Vehicles Based on Real-World Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-21, August.
    7. Wojciech Lewicki & Wojciech Drozdz & Piotr Wroblewski & Krzysztof Zarna, 2021. "The Road to Electromobility in Poland: Consumer Attitude Assessment," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(Special 1), pages 28-39.
    8. Antti Ritari & Jari Vepsäläinen & Klaus Kivekäs & Kari Tammi & Heikki Laitinen, 2020. "Energy Consumption and Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Electric City Buses with Multispeed Gearboxes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    9. Shefang Wang & Chaoru Lu & Chenhui Liu & Yue Zhou & Jun Bi & Xiaomei Zhao, 2020. "Understanding the Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Buses in Urban Public Transport Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-12, November.
    10. Piotr Wróblewski & Wojciech Lewicki, 2021. "A Method of Analyzing the Residual Values of Low-Emission Vehicles Based on a Selected Expert Method Taking into Account Stochastic Operational Parameters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-24, October.
    11. Neil Quarles & Kara M. Kockelman & Moataz Mohamed, 2020. "Costs and Benefits of Electrifying and Automating Bus Transit Fleets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.
    12. Tharsis Teoh, 2022. "Electric vehicle charging strategies for Urban freight transport: concept and typology," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(2), pages 157-180, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Foda, Ahmed & Abdelaty, Hatem & Mohamed, Moataz & El-Saadany, Ehab, 2023. "A generic cost-utility-emission optimization for electric bus transit infrastructure planning and charging scheduling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    2. Mariusz Niekurzak, 2021. "The Potential of Using Renewable Energy Sources in Poland Taking into Account the Economic and Ecological Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Maria Cieśla & Elżbieta Macioszek, 2022. "The Perspective Projects Promoting Sustainable Mobility by Active Travel to School on the Example of the Southern Poland Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Marcin Jacek Kłos & Grzegorz Sierpiński, 2023. "Strategy for the Siting of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations for Parcel Delivery Service Providers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-18, March.
    5. Hatem Abdelaty & Moataz Mohamed, 2021. "A Prediction Model for Battery Electric Bus Energy Consumption in Transit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-26, May.
    6. Xiaoyu Li & Tengyuan Wang & Jiaxu Li & Yong Tian & Jindong Tian, 2022. "Energy Consumption Estimation for Electric Buses Based on a Physical and Data-Driven Fusion Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-17, June.
    7. Katarzyna Sobiech-Grabka & Anna Stankowska & Krzysztof Jerzak, 2022. "Determinants of Electric Cars Purchase Intention in Poland: Personal Attitudes v. Economic Arguments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-26, April.
    8. Orlando Barraza & Miquel Estrada, 2021. "Battery Electric Bus Network: Efficient Design and Cost Comparison of Different Powertrains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-28, April.
    9. Zhou, Yu & Meng, Qiang & Ong, Ghim Ping, 2022. "Electric Bus Charging Scheduling for a Single Public Transport Route Considering Nonlinear Charging Profile and Battery Degradation Effect," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 49-75.
    10. Olayiwola Alatise & Arkadeep Deb & Erfan Bashar & Jose Ortiz Gonzalez & Saeed Jahdi & Walid Issa, 2023. "A Review of Power Electronic Devices for Heavy Goods Vehicles Electrification: Performance and Reliability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-25, May.
    11. Katsaprakakis, Dimitris Al & Voumvoulakis, Manolis, 2018. "A hybrid power plant towards 100% energy autonomy for the island of Sifnos, Greece. Perspectives created from energy cooperatives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 680-698.
    12. Huang, Hai-chao & He, Hong-di & Peng, Zhong-ren, 2024. "Urban-scale estimation model of carbon emissions for ride-hailing electric vehicles during operational phase," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    13. Raka Jovanovic & Islam Safak Bayram & Sertac Bayhan & Stefan Voß, 2021. "A GRASP Approach for Solving Large-Scale Electric Bus Scheduling Problems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-23, October.
    14. Wang, Hua & Zhao, De & Meng, Qiang & Ong, Ghim Ping & Lee, Der-Horng, 2020. "Network-level energy consumption estimation for electric vehicles considering vehicle and user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 30-46.
    15. Jarosław Ziółkowski & Mateusz Oszczypała & Jerzy Małachowski & Joanna Szkutnik-Rogoż, 2021. "Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Fuel Consumption on the Basis of Technical Parameters of Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-23, May.
    16. Piotr Wróblewski & Mariusz Niekurzak, 2022. "Assessment of the Possibility of Using Various Types of Renewable Energy Sources Installations in Single-Family Buildings as Part of Saving Final Energy Consumption in Polish Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-27, February.
    17. Mariusz Niekurzak & Jerzy Mikulik, 2021. "Modeling of Energy Consumption and Reduction of Pollutant Emissions in a Walking Beam Furnace Using the Expert Method—Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-22, December.
    18. Chunhong Sheng & Yun Cao & Bing Xue, 2018. "Residential Energy Sustainability in China and Germany: The Impact of National Energy Policy System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-18, December.
    19. Yan Xing & Quanbo Fu & Yachao Li & Hanshuo Chu & Enyi Niu, 2023. "Optimal Model of Electric Bus Scheduling Based on Energy Consumption and Battery Loss," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, June.
    20. Cox, Brian & Bauer, Christian & Mendoza Beltran, Angelica & van Vuuren, Detlef P. & Mutel, Christopher L., 2020. "Life cycle environmental and cost comparison of current and future passenger cars under different energy scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:15:p:5706-:d:1206878. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.