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Preparation and Characterization of Shell-Based CaO Catalysts for Ultrasonication-Assisted Production of Biodiesel to Reduce Toxicants in Diesel Generator Emissions

Author

Listed:
  • Ngee S. Chong

    (Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA)

  • Ifeanyi Nwobodo

    (Jacam Catalyst, Gardendale, TX 79758, USA)

  • Madison Strait

    (Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA)

  • Dakota Cook

    (Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA)

  • Saidi Abdulramoni

    (Catalent Pharma Solutions, Bloomington, IN 08873, USA)

  • Beng G. Ooi

    (Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA)

Abstract

The environmentally sustainable production of biodiesel is important for providing both a renewable alternative transportation fuel as well as a fuel for power generation using diesel engines. This research evaluates the use of inexpensive catalysts derived from waste materials for converting triglycerides in seed oils into biodiesel composed of fatty acid methyl esters. The performance of CaO catalysts derived from the shells of oysters, mussels, lobsters, and chicken eggs was investigated. The shell-derived powders were calcined with and without the addition of zinc nitrate at 700–1000 °C for 4 h to yield CaO whereas the CaO-ZnO mixed catalyst were prepared by wet impregnation followed by calcination at 700 °C. The catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, TGA, SEM, FTIR and GC-MS. The CaO-ZnO catalysts showed slightly better conversion efficiency compared to CaO catalysts for the transesterification of canola oil. The mixed CaO-ZnO catalysts derived mainly from oyster shells showed the highest catalytic activity with >90% biodiesel yield at a 9:1 methanol-to-oil mole ratio within 10 min of ultrasonication. The reduction of toxicant emission from the generator is 43% and 60% for SO 2 , 11% and 26% for CO, were observed for the biodiesel blending levels of B20 and B40, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Ngee S. Chong & Ifeanyi Nwobodo & Madison Strait & Dakota Cook & Saidi Abdulramoni & Beng G. Ooi, 2023. "Preparation and Characterization of Shell-Based CaO Catalysts for Ultrasonication-Assisted Production of Biodiesel to Reduce Toxicants in Diesel Generator Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-20, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:14:p:5408-:d:1195164
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Pereira, Roberto G. & Oliveira, Cesar D. & Oliveira, Jorge L. & Oliveira, Paulo Cesar P. & Fellows, Carlos E. & Piamba, Oscar E., 2007. "Exhaust emissions and electric energy generation in a stationary engine using blends of diesel and soybean biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(14), pages 2453-2460.
    4. Hwei Voon Lee & Joon Ching Juan & Taufiq-Yap Yun Hin & Hwai Chyuan Ong, 2016. "Environment-Friendly Heterogeneous Alkaline-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-12, August.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    biodiesel production; ultrasonication-assisted synthesis; transesterification catalysts; shell-derived CaO and CaO/ZnO; calcination of oyster; mussel; lobster; and egg shells; B20 and B40 biodiesel emission profiles; CO and SO 2 emission; generator emissions of toxicants;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B20 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought since 1925 - - - General
    • B40 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - Economic Methodology - - - General

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