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Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading

Author

Listed:
  • Moritz Braun

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Alfons Dörner

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Kane F. ter Veer

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Tom Willems

    (Formerly: Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy GmbH & Co. KG, 20097 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Marc Seidel

    (Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy GmbH & Co. KG, 20097 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Hayo Hendrikse

    (Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Knut V. Høyland

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Claas Fischer

    (TÜV NORD EnSys GmbH & Co. KG, 22769 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Sören Ehlers

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

Abstract

Fixed offshore wind turbines continue to be developed for high latitude areas where not only wind and wave loads need to be considered but also moving sea ice. Current rules and regulations for the design of fixed offshore structures in ice-covered waters do not adequately consider the effects of ice loading and its stochastic nature on the fatigue life of the structure. Ice crushing on such structures results in ice-induced vibrations, which can be represented by loading the structure using a variable-amplitude loading (VAL) sequence. Typical offshore load spectra are developed for wave and wind loading. Thus, a combined VAL spectrum is developed for wind, wave, and ice action. To this goal, numerical models are used to simulate the dynamic ice-, wind-, and wave-structure interaction. The stress time-history at an exemplarily selected critical point in an offshore wind energy monopile support structure is extracted from the model and translated into a VAL sequence, which can then be used as a loading sequence for the fatigue assessment or fatigue testing of welded joints of offshore wind turbine support structures. This study presents the approach to determine combined load spectra and standardized time series for wind, wave, and ice action.

Suggested Citation

  • Moritz Braun & Alfons Dörner & Kane F. ter Veer & Tom Willems & Marc Seidel & Hayo Hendrikse & Knut V. Høyland & Claas Fischer & Sören Ehlers, 2022. "Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:559-:d:723941
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rodrigues, S. & Restrepo, C. & Kontos, E. & Teixeira Pinto, R. & Bauer, P., 2015. "Trends of offshore wind projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1114-1135.
    2. Pryor, S.C. & Barthelmie, R.J., 2010. "Climate change impacts on wind energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 430-437, January.
    3. Li Zhou & Shifeng Ding & Ming Song & Junliang Gao & Wei Shi, 2019. "A Simulation of Non-Simultaneous Ice Crushing Force for Wind Turbine Towers with Large Slopes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-21, July.
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