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Intermediate Pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shell (BGS) in Various Inert Gases (N 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 /CO 2 )

Author

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  • Mustapha Danladi Ibrahim

    (Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
    Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi P.M.B 248, Nigeria)

  • Yousif Abdalla Abakr

    (Mechanical, Materials & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Suyin Gan

    (Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Lai Yee Lee

    (Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumar

    (Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

Energy from biomass is increasingly gaining attention amidst the environmental challenges of coal and fossil fuels. This study investigated the effects of inert gases (N 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 /CO 2 ) on intermediate pyrolysis and product properties from Bambara Groundnut Shells (BGS) (shells from an underutilized crop, which has high nutritional values). N 2 /CO 2 atmosphere roughly represents flue gas. The results showed that the inert gases did not significantly affect the yields of bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The pH of bio-oil ranged from 5.2–5.8, indicating the minimum presence of acids in bio-oil. The CHNS analysis showed that all bio-oil and biochar had their carbon content within 50.04–60.49 wt.%. The FESEM resulted in a wide range of pore sizes in biochar produced in an N 2 /CO 2 atmosphere. The GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of compounds which can be categorized as alkene, acid, benzene derivatives, ketone, phenol derivatives, alcohol, aldehyde, alkyl, and ester. However, the presence of N 2 /CO 2 gas favored alcohol and phenol production significantly.

Suggested Citation

  • Mustapha Danladi Ibrahim & Yousif Abdalla Abakr & Suyin Gan & Lai Yee Lee & Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, 2022. "Intermediate Pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shell (BGS) in Various Inert Gases (N 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 /CO 2 )," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:22:p:8421-:d:969235
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Zahra Echresh Zadeh & Ali Abdulkhani & Basudeb Saha, 2020. "Characterization of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil from Hardwood and Softwood Lignin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-14, February.
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