IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i21p8154-d960072.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters

Author

Listed:
  • Doyoon Ryu

    (Department of Environmental and Technology Engineering, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeonsan-si 38453, Korea)

  • Jongkeun Lee

    (Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, School of Smart and Green Engineering, College of Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea)

  • Doyong Kim

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Korea)

  • Kyehwan Jang

    (Technical Research Institute, BHI Co., Ltd., Haman-gun 52063, Korea)

  • Jongwook Lee

    (Technical Research Institute, BHI Co., Ltd., Haman-gun 52063, Korea)

  • Daegi Kim

    (Department of Environmental and Technology Engineering, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeonsan-si 38453, Korea)

Abstract

This study explores the effects of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the fuel properties of empty fruit bunches (EFB) by varying the reaction temperatures between the range of 180–300 °C. The improved properties of hydrochars following HTC were achieved by analyzing the changes in the physical and chemical properties of EFB. Moreover, it can save energy during treatment processes, in addition to evaluating the improvement of the biofuel stability based on the equilibrium moisture content and agglomeration. The results showed that the chemical structure of EFB decomposed owing to dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, leading to increased carbon and fixed carbon concentrations in the obtained hydrochar; and thus, an increased calorific value. Hydrochar generated during HTC exhibited chemical properties similar to those of conventional coal fuel. The optimal HTC reaction temperature range was ~230–250 °C. Based on the X-ray fluorescence results, hydrochar produced during HTC had smaller K and Cl contents and a smaller degree of agglomeration than the original sample, indicating that clinker production can be reduced by the HTC of EFB. The results of this study have significance in the utilization of unused waste biomass as an energy source that can replace fossil fuels.

Suggested Citation

  • Doyoon Ryu & Jongkeun Lee & Doyong Kim & Kyehwan Jang & Jongwook Lee & Daegi Kim, 2022. "Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:8154-:d:960072
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/8154/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/8154/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hyeok Jin Kim & Chan Park & Rabin Nepal & Sea Cheon Oh, 2021. "Hydrothermal Treatment of Empty Fruit Bunches to Enhance Fuel Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
    2. Danny Wei Kit Chin & Steven Lim & Yean Ling Pang & Chun Hsion Lim & Siew Hoong Shuit & Kiat Moon Lee & Cheng Tung Chong, 2021. "Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Jongkeun Lee & Sungwan Cho & Daegi Kim & JunHee Ryu & Kwanyong Lee & Haegeun Chung & Ki Young Park, 2021. "Conversion of Slaughterhouse Wastes to Solid Fuel Using Hydrothermal Carbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-10, March.
    4. He, Chao & Giannis, Apostolos & Wang, Jing-Yuan, 2013. "Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization: Hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 257-266.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xiao, Zhihua & Yuan, Xingzhong & Jiang, Longbo & Chen, Xiaohong & Li, Hui & Zeng, Guangming & Leng, Lijian & Wang, Hou & Huang, Huajun, 2015. "Energy recovery and secondary pollutant emission from the combustion of co-pelletized fuel from municipal sewage sludge and wood sawdust," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 441-450.
    2. Dilvin Cebi & Melih Soner Celiktas & Hasan Sarptas, 2022. "A Review on Sewage Sludge Valorization via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Applications for Circular Economy," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 2(4), pages 1345-1367, December.
    3. Tiago Teribele & Maria Elizabeth Gemaque Costa & Conceição de Maria Sales da Silva & Lia Martins Pereira & Lucas Pinto Bernar & Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro & Fernanda Paula da Costa Assunção & Mar, 2023. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Corn Stover: Structural Evolution of Hydro-Char and Degradation Kinetics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-22, April.
    4. Gao, Pin & Zhou, Yiyuan & Meng, Fang & Zhang, Yihui & Liu, Zhenhong & Zhang, Wenqi & Xue, Gang, 2016. "Preparation and characterization of hydrochar from waste eucalyptus bark by hydrothermal carbonization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 238-245.
    5. Zhang, Zhikun & Zhu, Zongyuan & Shen, Boxiong & Liu, Lina, 2019. "Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 581-598.
    6. Okey Francis Obi & Temitope Olumide Olugbade & Joseph Ifeolu Orisaleye & Ralf Pecenka, 2023. "Solid Biofuel Production from Biomass: Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities for Its Commercial Production in Nigeria," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-22, December.
    7. Pablo J. Arauzo & María Atienza-Martínez & Javier Ábrego & Maciej P. Olszewski & Zebin Cao & Andrea Kruse, 2020. "Combustion Characteristics of Hydrochar and Pyrochar Derived from Digested Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-15, August.
    8. Lu, Xiaoluan & Ma, Xiaoqian & Chen, Xinfei, 2021. "Co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge and lignocellulosic biomass: Fuel properties and heavy metal transformation behaviour of hydrochars," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    9. Chen, Lichun & Wen, Chang & Wang, Wenyu & Liu, Tianyu & Liu, Enze & Liu, Haowen & Li, Zexin, 2020. "Combustion behaviour of biochars thermally pretreated via torrefaction, slow pyrolysis, or hydrothermal carbonisation and co-fired with pulverised coal," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 867-877.
    10. Ibrahim Shaba Mohammed & Risu Na & Keisuke Kushima & Naoto Shimizu, 2020. "Investigating the Effect of Processing Parameters on the Products of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Corn Stover," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-21, June.
    11. Yu, Yang & Lei, Zhongfang & Yang, Xi & Yang, Xiaojing & Huang, Weiwei & Shimizu, Kazuya & Zhang, Zhenya, 2018. "Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobic granular sludge: Effect of process temperature on nutrients availability and energy gain from produced hydrochar," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 88-95.
    12. Wang, Liping & Chang, Yuzhi & Li, Aimin, 2019. "Hydrothermal carbonization for energy-efficient processing of sewage sludge: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 423-440.
    13. Lee, Jongkeun & Lee, Kwanyong & Sohn, Donghwan & Kim, Young Mo & Park, Ki Young, 2018. "Hydrothermal carbonization of lipid extracted algae for hydrochar production and feasibility of using hydrochar as a solid fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 913-920.
    14. Siti Zaharah Roslan & Siti Fairuz Zainudin & Alijah Mohd Aris & Khor Bee Chin & Mohibah Musa & Ahmad Rafizan Mohamad Daud & Syed Shatir A. Syed Hassan, 2023. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sewage Sludge into Solid Biofuel: Influences of Process Conditions on the Energetic Properties of Hydrochar," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-16, March.
    15. Ma, Jing & Chen, Mengjun & Yang, Tianxue & Liu, Zhengang & Jiao, Wentao & Li, Dong & Gai, Chao, 2019. "Gasification performance of the hydrochar derived from co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge and sawdust," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 732-739.
    16. Wendi Sun & Li Bai & Mingshu Chi & Xiuling Xu & Zhao Chen & Kecheng Yu, 2023. "Study on the Evolution Pattern of the Aromatics of Lignin during Hydrothermal Carbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-14, January.
    17. Theppitak, Sarut & Hungwe, Douglas & Ding, Lu & Xin, Dai & Yu, Guangsuo & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2020. "Comparison on solid biofuel production from wet and dry carbonization processes of food wastes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    18. Mau, Vivian & Gross, Amit, 2018. "Energy conversion and gas emissions from production and combustion of poultry-litter-derived hydrochar and biochar," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 510-519.
    19. Alexander Gorshkov & Nikolay Berezikov & Albert Kaltaev & Stanislav Yankovsky & Konstantin Slyusarsky & Roman Tabakaev & Kirill Larionov, 2021. "Analysis of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar Obtained by Slow Pyrolysis of Nut Shells in a Nitrogen Atmosphere," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.
    20. Zhai, Yunbo & Peng, Chuan & Xu, Bibo & Wang, Tengfei & Li, Caiting & Zeng, Guangming & Zhu, Yun, 2017. "Hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge for char production with different waste biomass: Effects of reaction temperature and energy recycling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 167-174.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:8154-:d:960072. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.