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Biodiesel Synthesis from Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Seed Oil using ZnO Nanoparticles as a Catalyst

Author

Listed:
  • Hammad Ahmad Jan

    (Department of Botany, University of Buner, Buner 19290, Pakistan)

  • Igor Šurina

    (Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh

    (Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdulaziz M. Almutlaq

    (Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia)

  • Sher Wali

    (Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 19002, Pakistan)

  • Anton Lisý

    (Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia)

Abstract

Biodiesel is considered valuable to reduce dependency on petrofuels. This work aimed to synthesize biodiesel from Silybum marianum using synthesized ZnO nanoparticles as a catalyst. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction for confirmation. The synthesized biodiesel was confirmed by ASTM D-6751, H and C-NMR, GC-MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The optimum biodiesel yield of 91% was obtained with an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1:24, 15 mg of catalyst concentration, 60 °C temperature, and 45 min of reaction time. Fuel properties were determined according to the ASTM-defined methods and found within the defined limits of ASTM D-6751. 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR showed characteristic peaks at 3.667 ppm, 2.000–2.060 ppm, 0.858–0.918 ppm, 5.288–5.407 ppm, 24.93–34.22 ppm, 172.71, 173.12, 130.16 ppm, and 128.14 ppm, respectively, which confirm biodiesel synthesis. The FAMEs composition of biodiesel was determined by GC-MS, which recognized 19 peaks for different types of FAMEs. FT-IR spectroscopy showed two main peaks, first in the range of 1725–1750 cm −1 and second in the range of 1000–1300 cm −1 , which confirmed that the transesterification process had completed successfully. The physicochemical characteristics of Silybum marianum confirm that it is a suitable source to produce biodiesel on an industrial scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Hammad Ahmad Jan & Igor Šurina & Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh & Abdulaziz M. Almutlaq & Sher Wali & Anton Lisý, 2022. "Biodiesel Synthesis from Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Seed Oil using ZnO Nanoparticles as a Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-18, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:20:p:7818-:d:949994
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ullah, Kifayat & Ahmad, Mushtaq & Sofia, & Qiu, Fengxian, 2015. "Assessing the experimental investigation of milk thistle oil for biodiesel production using base catalyzed transesterification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 887-895.
    2. Cardoso, Luana da Costa & Almeida, Fernanda Naiara Campos de & Souza, Gredson Keiff & Asanome, Isabela Yumi & Pereira, Nehemias Curvelo, 2019. "Synthesis and optimization of ethyl esters from fish oil waste for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 743-748.
    3. Balat, Mustafa & Balat, Havva, 2010. "Progress in biodiesel processing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(6), pages 1815-1835, June.
    4. Hammad Ahmad Jan & Igor Šurina & Akhtar Zaman & Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh & Fazli Rahim & Raja L. Al-Otaibi, 2022. "Synthesis of Biodiesel from Ricinus communis L. Seed Oil, a Promising Non-Edible Feedstock Using Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles as a Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-15, September.
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