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Black Start Capability from Large Industrial Consumers

Author

Listed:
  • Gayan Abeynayake

    (School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK)

  • Liana Cipcigan

    (School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK)

  • Xiaolin Ding

    (National Grid Electricity Transmission Plc, London WC2N 5EH, UK)

Abstract

The way of control and operation of an electrical power system has been changing rapidly with the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). One of the emerging issues that require addressing is the capability of RES to participate in the restoration process upon a total or partial system failure. However, with the continuous shutdown of large-centralised generators, which traditionally provided the black start support together with the variability of RES, the restoration process becomes much more complex. Primarily, the RES should have enough capacity to energise the load at the time of the restoration. Nonetheless, due to significant advantages, there is an increasing trend to use RES to meet the local energy demand by large industrial customers. The flexibility of shifting loads together with the surplus of RE generation could support the system operator during the system energisation process after a blackout. This paper mainly focuses on identifying the capabilities and factors that should be accounted for to participate in the system restoration process by large industrial consumers. The case study conducted on a large-scale steel factory in the UK reveals the possibility of supporting the restoration process under the bottom-up approach.

Suggested Citation

  • Gayan Abeynayake & Liana Cipcigan & Xiaolin Ding, 2022. "Black Start Capability from Large Industrial Consumers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-25, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7262-:d:932569
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sun, Wenqiang & Wang, Qiang & Zhou, Yue & Wu, Jianzhong, 2020. "Material and energy flows of the iron and steel industry: Status quo, challenges and perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    2. Jing, Wenlong & Lai, Chean Hung & Wong, Wallace S.H. & Wong, M.L. Dennis, 2018. "A comprehensive study of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for standalone PV power system in rural electrification," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 340-356.
    3. Huadian Xu & Jianhui Su & Ning Liu & Yong Shi, 2018. "A Grid-Supporting Photovoltaic System Implemented by a VSG with Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-19, November.
    4. Pfenninger, Stefan & Staffell, Iain, 2016. "Long-term patterns of European PV output using 30 years of validated hourly reanalysis and satellite data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1251-1265.
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    1. Roberto Benato & Sebastian Dambone Sessa & Giorgio Maria Giannuzzi & Cosimo Pisani & Michele Poli & Francesco Sanniti, 2023. "Analysis and Explanation of Resonant Phenomena Involving EHV Transformers during Power System Restoration Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-16, April.

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