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Analysis of Micro-Contaminants in Solid Particles from Direct Injection Gasoline Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Wiktor Pacura

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Szramowiat-Sala

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Mariusz Macherzyński

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Janusz Gołaś

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Piotr Bielaczyc

    (BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd., Ul. Sarni Stok 93, 43-300 Bielsko-Biala, Poland)

Abstract

Exhaust emissions from vehicles are the subject of numerous studies and legal acts. In the European Union, exhaust emissions are regulated by “Euro” emission standards, which limit emissions of gaseous pollutants such as CO, CO 2 , HC, and NOx, as well as the particulate matter (PM) and particle number (PN). Solid particles consist of a number of micro-contaminants, inter alia polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives. Despite their highly mutagenic and carcinogenic character, these micro-contaminants are not regulated in Euro emissions standards. This paper presents both a general discussion of the phenomenon of particulate formation in and emission from direct injection gasoline engines, as well as a wide range of results on the subject. The subject of the micro-contaminants in solid particles from modern gasoline vehicles is explored. The samples of solid particles were collected from 11 groups of vehicles according to the WLTP test methodology. Solid particles from gasoline vehicles were analyzed via various analytical techniques, including ion chromatography (IC) to measure selected anion concentrations, gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to study 16 PAHs and selected PAH derivatives, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) for images and elemental composition, and microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) for qualitative screening analysis of 19 elements. The study of non-regulated compounds is crucial in efforts to establish the influence of solid particles on health and the environment. Furthermore, extended studies can provide a basis for further research on vehicle emissions or other fields, such as medicine or material engineering.

Suggested Citation

  • Wiktor Pacura & Katarzyna Szramowiat-Sala & Mariusz Macherzyński & Janusz Gołaś & Piotr Bielaczyc, 2022. "Analysis of Micro-Contaminants in Solid Particles from Direct Injection Gasoline Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-19, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:15:p:5732-:d:882239
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohsin Raza & Longfei Chen & Felix Leach & Shiting Ding, 2018. "A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    2. Haifeng Liu & Xichang Wang & Diping Zhang & Fang Dong & Xinlu Liu & Yong Yang & Haozhong Huang & Yang Wang & Qianlong Wang & Zunqing Zheng, 2019. "Investigation on Blending Effects of Gasoline Fuel with N-Butanol, DMF, and Ethanol on the Fuel Consumption and Harmful Emissions in a GDI Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-21, May.
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