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Investigative Study of Vertical Electrodes Encased in Concrete/Mortar with Various Sizes of Air Voids

Author

Listed:
  • Hanis Hamizah Hizamul-Din

    (Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia)

  • Normiza Mohamad Nor

    (Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia)

  • Dzulkafley Abd Samad

    (AKS Perunding Sdn. Bhd, 90B, Jalan Burhanuddin Helmi, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 60000, Malaysia)

  • Muhd Norhasri Muhd Sidek

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia)

Abstract

Ionisation can occur in the soil when high impulse currents are subjected to grounding systems. This occurrence is generated by a difference in the dielectric strength value between the soil and air voids. Several published works investigating the ionisation process in soil have seen that the degree of ionisation is dependent on several factors, among them soil resistivity, ground electrode size and impulse polarity. The effects on soil resistivity, such as the moisture content in soil, soil grain size, type of soil and its temperature, have been studied; however, the effect of the size of air voids in soil has not been extensively presented. This study considered four rod electrodes—a conventional rod electrode, conventional electrode with porous concrete (PC), conventional electrode with concrete mixed with a foaming agent (FC) and conventional electrode with concrete (NC)—to provide variations in the size of air voids. Resistance values, R DC , were measured for all these electrodes, and we found that the conventional rod electrode had the lowest value. A detailed evaluation of these rod electrodes under high impulse conditions revealed that similar current rise and discharge times were seen in all electrodes; however, PC, with the largest size of air voids, had the lowest impulse impedance (Z imp value) for the current magnitudes below 2 kA.

Suggested Citation

  • Hanis Hamizah Hizamul-Din & Normiza Mohamad Nor & Dzulkafley Abd Samad & Muhd Norhasri Muhd Sidek, 2021. "Investigative Study of Vertical Electrodes Encased in Concrete/Mortar with Various Sizes of Air Voids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2659-:d:549435
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Abdul Wali Abdul Ali & Nurul Nadia Ahmad & Normiza Mohamad Nor & Nur Farahi Idris & Farhan Hanaffi, 2020. "Investigations on the Performance of Grounding Device with Spike Rods (GDSR) with the Effects of Soil Resistivity and Configurations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-31, July.
    2. Abdul Wali Abdul Ali & Nurul Nadia Ahmad & Normiza Mohamad Nor, 2020. "Effect of Impulse Polarity on a New Grounding Device with Spike Rods (GDSR)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-19, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Onyedikachi Samuel Nnamdi & Gomes Chandima, 2023. "New Method for Modelling Seasonal Variation in Resistance and Performance of Earthing Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-21, October.

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