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Current Status and Future Trends in the Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Giovanni Rinaldi

    (Renewable Energy Group, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK)

  • Philipp R. Thies

    (Renewable Energy Group, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK)

  • Lars Johanning

    (Renewable Energy Group, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
    College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China)

Abstract

Operation and maintenance constitute a substantial share of the lifecycle expenditures of an offshore renewable energy farm. A noteworthy number of methods and techniques have been developed to provide decision-making support in strategic planning and asset management. Condition monitoring instrumentation is commonly used, especially in offshore wind farms, due to the benefits it provides in terms of fault identification and performance evaluation and improvement. Incorporating technology advancements, a shift towards automation and digitalisation is taking place in the offshore maintenance sector. This paper reviews the existing literature and novel approaches in the operation and maintenance planning and the condition monitoring of offshore renewable energy farms, with an emphasis on the offshore wind sector, discussing their benefits and limitations. The state-of-the-art in industrial condition-based maintenance is reviewed, together with deterioration models and fault diagnosis and prognosis techniques. Future scenarios in robotics, artificial intelligence and data processing are investigated. The application challenges of these strategies and Industry 4.0 concepts in the offshore renewables sector are scrutinised, together with the potential implications of early-stage project integration. The identified technologies are ranked against a series of indicators, providing a reference for a range of industry stakeholders.

Suggested Citation

  • Giovanni Rinaldi & Philipp R. Thies & Lars Johanning, 2021. "Current Status and Future Trends in the Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-28, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2484-:d:544200
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. McMorland, J. & Collu, M. & McMillan, D. & Carroll, J., 2022. "Operation and maintenance for floating wind turbines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    2. McMorland, Jade & Flannigan, Callum & Carroll, James & Collu, Maurizio & McMillan, David & Leithead, William & Coraddu, Andrea, 2022. "A review of operations and maintenance modelling with considerations for novel wind turbine concepts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    3. Han Peng & Songyin Li & Linjian Shangguan & Yisa Fan & Hai Zhang, 2023. "Analysis of Wind Turbine Equipment Failure and Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-35, May.
    4. Centeno-Telleria, Manu & Yue, Hong & Carrol, James & Penalba, Markel & Aizpurua, Jose I., 2024. "Impact of operations and maintenance on the energy production of floating offshore wind farms across the North Sea and the Iberian Peninsula," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    5. Cheng Yang & Jun Jia & Ke He & Liang Xue & Chao Jiang & Shuangyu Liu & Bochao Zhao & Ming Wu & Haoyang Cui, 2023. "Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of the Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Wind Power Systems: A Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-39, July.
    6. Nguyen Thanh Viet & Alla G. Kravets, 2022. "The New Method for Analyzing Technology Trends of Smart Energy Asset Performance Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-26, September.
    7. Lin, Boqiang & Huang, Chenchen, 2023. "Promoting variable renewable energy integration: The moderating effect of digitalization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    8. Pinciroli, Luca & Baraldi, Piero & Zio, Enrico, 2023. "Maintenance optimization in industry 4.0," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    9. Yikai Ma & Wenjuan Zhang & Juergen Branke, 2024. "Genetic programming hyper-heuristic for evolving a maintenance policy for wind farms," Journal of Heuristics, Springer, vol. 30(5), pages 423-451, December.
    10. Hailun Xie & Lars Johanning, 2023. "A Hierarchical Met-Ocean Data Selection Model for Fast O&M Simulation in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-20, February.
    11. Paweł Ligęza, 2021. "Basic, Advanced, and Sophisticated Approaches to the Current and Forecast Challenges of Wind Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-10, December.
    12. Conor McKinnon & James Carroll & Alasdair McDonald & Sofia Koukoura & Charlie Plumley, 2021. "Investigation of Isolation Forest for Wind Turbine Pitch System Condition Monitoring Using SCADA Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-20, October.
    13. Rafał Trzaska & Adam Sulich & Michał Organa & Jerzy Niemczyk & Bartosz Jasiński, 2021. "Digitalization Business Strategies in Energy Sector: Solving Problems with Uncertainty under Industry 4.0 Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, November.
    14. Pablo Ruiz-Minguela & Jesus M. Blanco & Vincenzo Nava & Henry Jeffrey, 2022. "Technology-Agnostic Assessment of Wave Energy System Capabilities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-30, April.
    15. Sun, Kang & Xu, Zifei & Li, Shujun & Jin, Jiangtao & Wang, Peilin & Yue, Minnan & Li, Chun, 2023. "Dynamic response analysis of floating wind turbine platform in local fatigue of mooring," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 733-749.
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