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Detection of Knocking Combustion Using the Continuous Wavelet Transformation and a Convolutional Neural Network

Author

Listed:
  • Achilles Kefalas

    (Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria)

  • Andreas B. Ofner

    (Know-Center GmbH, Research Center for Data-Driven Business & Big Data Analytics, 8010 Graz, Austria)

  • Gerhard Pirker

    (LEC GmbH, Large Engine Competence Center, 8010 Graz, Austria)

  • Stefan Posch

    (LEC GmbH, Large Engine Competence Center, 8010 Graz, Austria)

  • Bernhard C. Geiger

    (Know-Center GmbH, Research Center for Data-Driven Business & Big Data Analytics, 8010 Graz, Austria)

  • Andreas Wimmer

    (Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
    LEC GmbH, Large Engine Competence Center, 8010 Graz, Austria)

Abstract

The phenomenon of knock is an abnormal combustion occurring in spark-ignition (SI) engines and forms a barrier that prevents an increase in thermal efficiency while simultaneously reducing CO 2 emissions. Since knocking combustion is highly stochastic, a cyclic analysis of in-cylinder pressure is necessary. In this study we propose an approach for efficient and robust detection and identification of knocking combustion in three different internal combustion engines. The proposed methodology includes a signal processing technique, called continuous wavelet transformation (CWT), which provides a simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder pressure traces in the time and frequency domains with coefficients. These coefficients serve as input for a convolutional neural network (CNN) which extracts distinctive features and performs an image recognition task in order to distinguish between non-knock and knock. The results revealed the following: (i) The CWT delivered a stable and effective feature space with the coefficients that represents the unique time-frequency pattern of each individual in-cylinder pressure cycle; (ii) the proposed approach was superior to the state-of-the-art threshold value exceeded (TVE) method with a maximum amplitude pressure oscillation (MAPO) criterion improving the overall accuracy by 6.15 percentage points (up to 92.62%); and (iii) The CWT + CNN method does not require calibrating threshold values for different engines or operating conditions as long as enough and diverse data is used to train the neural network.

Suggested Citation

  • Achilles Kefalas & Andreas B. Ofner & Gerhard Pirker & Stefan Posch & Bernhard C. Geiger & Andreas Wimmer, 2021. "Detection of Knocking Combustion Using the Continuous Wavelet Transformation and a Convolutional Neural Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:2:p:439-:d:480824
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Seokwon Cho & Jihwan Park & Chiheon Song & Sechul Oh & Sangyul Lee & Minjae Kim & Kyoungdoug Min, 2019. "Prediction Modeling and Analysis of Knocking Combustion using an Improved 0D RGF Model and Supervised Deep Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Linfeng Gou & Huihui Li & Hua Zheng & Huacong Li & Xiaoning Pei, 2020. "Aeroengine Control System Sensor Fault Diagnosis Based on CWT and CNN," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2020, pages 1-12, January.
    3. Zhen, Xudong & Wang, Yang & Xu, Shuaiqing & Zhu, Yongsheng & Tao, Chengjun & Xu, Tao & Song, Mingzhi, 2012. "The engine knock analysis – An overview," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 628-636.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sok, Ratnak & Jeyamoorthy, Arravind & Kusaka, Jin, 2024. "Novel virtual sensors development based on machine learning combined with convolutional neural-network image processing-translation for feedback control systems of internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    2. Stefan Posch & Clemens Gößnitzer & Andreas B. Ofner & Gerhard Pirker & Andreas Wimmer, 2022. "Modeling Cycle-to-Cycle Variations of a Spark-Ignited Gas Engine Using Artificial Flow Fields Generated by a Variational Autoencoder," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Hosseini, M. & Chitsaz, I., 2023. "Knock probability determination employing convolutional neural network and IGTD algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    4. Haruki Tajima & Takuya Tomidokoro & Takeshi Yokomori, 2022. "Deep Learning for Knock Occurrence Prediction in SI Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Jian Gao & Anren Yao & Yeyi Zhang & Guofan Qu & Chunde Yao & Shemin Zhang & Dongsheng Li, 2021. "Investigation into the Relationship between Super-Knock and Misfires in an SI GDI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-18, April.

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