IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i2p319-d477010.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Determinants of Energy Cooperatives’ Development in Rural Areas—Evidence from Poland

Author

Listed:
  • Jakub Jasiński

    (Institute of Rural and Agricultural Development, Polish Academy of Sciences, 72 Nowy Świat St., 00-330 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Mariusz Kozakiewicz

    (Collegium of Economic Analysis, Warsaw School of Economics, Madalińskiego 6/8 St., 02-513 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Maciej Sołtysik

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Częstochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej St. 17, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland)

Abstract

The strategies, plans and legislation on energy market development and decarbonization in the European Union (EU) developed in recent years, such as the directives implementing the package “Clean energy for all Europeans”, aim at promoting not only renewable energy sources, but also new institutions that involve the development of local energy markets and a greater role for citizens in managing their own energy generation. At the same time, Poland remains the economy most dependent on coal and one of the largest air polluters in the EU. In order to minimize this problem and to meet the direction of energy development in the EU, Poland decided to establish, among other things, an energy cooperative. It is intended to fill the gap in the development of the civil dimension of energy on a local scale and at the same time improve efficiency in the use of the potential of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The authors of the paper seek to verify the extent to which this new institution, which is part of the idea of a local energy community, one of the driving forces for the implementation of the objectives and directions of development of “clean energy” set by the EU, has a chance to develop. The research took into account the characteristics of energy producers and consumers in rural areas, economic preferences provided for by law, relating to the functioning of an energy cooperative and the existing alternative solutions dedicated to prosumers. A dedicated mathematical model in the mixed integer programming technology was used to optimize the functioning of an energy cooperative, and more than 5000 simulations were carried out, with a typical optimization task performed as part of the research with about 50,000 variables. The conclusions and simulations make it possible to confirm the thesis that profitable energy cooperatives can be established in rural areas, with the objective of minimizing the sum of energy purchases from the distribution network and losses on the energy deposit (virtual network storage) (the energy deposit (or network deposit) should be understood as energy introduced to the grid during generation surpluses for its subsequent consumption, taking into account the discount factor).

Suggested Citation

  • Jakub Jasiński & Mariusz Kozakiewicz & Maciej Sołtysik, 2021. "Determinants of Energy Cooperatives’ Development in Rural Areas—Evidence from Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:2:p:319-:d:477010
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/2/319/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/2/319/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Donné Wagemans & Christian Scholl & Véronique Vasseur, 2019. "Facilitating the Energy Transition—The Governance Role of Local Renewable Energy Cooperatives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Inês, Campos & Guilherme, Pontes Luz & Esther, Marín-González & Swantje, Gährs & Stephen, Hall & Lars, Holstenkamp, 2020. "Regulatory challenges and opportunities for collective renewable energy prosumers in the EU," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    3. Lanka Horstink & Julia M. Wittmayer & Kiat Ng & Guilherme Pontes Luz & Esther Marín-González & Swantje Gährs & Inês Campos & Lars Holstenkamp & Sem Oxenaar & Donal Brown, 2020. "Collective Renewable Energy Prosumers and the Promises of the Energy Union: Taking Stock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-30, January.
    4. Renata Marks-Bielska & Stanisław Bielski & Katarzyna Pik & Krystyna Kurowska, 2020. "The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources in Poland’s Energy Mix," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-23, September.
    5. Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari & Nurulkamal Masseran & Alias Jedi & Sohif Mat & Kamaruzzaman Sopian & Azman Bin Abdul Rahim & Azami Zaharim, 2020. "Rural Public Acceptance of Wind and Solar Energy: A Case Study from Mersing, Malaysia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-24, July.
    6. Zacharie De Grève & Jérémie Bottieau & David Vangulick & Aurélien Wautier & Pierre-David Dapoz & Adriano Arrigo & Jean-François Toubeau & François Vallée, 2020. "Machine Learning Techniques for Improving Self-Consumption in Renewable Energy Communities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-17, September.
    7. Jay Sterling Gregg & Sophie Nyborg & Meiken Hansen & Valeria Jana Schwanitz & August Wierling & Jan Pedro Zeiss & Sarah Delvaux & Victor Saenz & Lucia Polo-Alvarez & Chiara Candelise & Winston Gilcrea, 2020. "Collective Action and Social Innovation in the Energy Sector: A Mobilization Model Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-24, February.
    8. Thomas Hoppe & Frans H. J. M. Coenen & Maria T. Bekendam, 2019. "Renewable Energy Cooperatives as a Stimulating Factor in Household Energy Savings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-33, March.
    9. Alexandra Lüth & Jens Weibezahn & Jan Martin Zepter, 2020. "On Distributional Effects in Local Electricity Market Designs—Evidence from a German Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-26, April.
    10. Bogdan-Constantin Neagu & Ovidiu Ivanov & Gheorghe Grigoras & Mihai Gavrilas & Dumitru-Marcel Istrate, 2020. "New Market Model with Social and Commercial Tiers for Improved Prosumer Trading in Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-43, September.
    11. Debor, Sarah, 2014. "The socio-economic power of renewable energy production cooperatives in Germany: Results of an empirical assessment," Wuppertal Papers 187, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy.
    12. Emilio Ghiani & Andrea Giordano & Andrea Nieddu & Luca Rosetti & Fabrizio Pilo, 2019. "Planning of a Smart Local Energy Community: The Case of Berchidda Municipality (Italy)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-14, December.
    13. Arkadiusz Piwowar & Maciej Dzikuć, 2019. "Development of Renewable Energy Sources in the Context of Threats Resulting from Low-Altitude Emissions in Rural Areas in Poland: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-15, September.
    14. Tomasz Sikorski & Michal Jasiński & Edyta Ropuszyńska-Surma & Magdalena Węglarz & Dominika Kaczorowska & Paweł Kostyla & Zbigniew Leonowicz & Robert Lis & Jacek Rezmer & Wilhelm Rojewski & Marian Sobi, 2020. "A Case Study on Distributed Energy Resources and Energy-Storage Systems in a Virtual Power Plant Concept: Technical Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-30, June.
    15. Chiara Candelise & Gianluca Ruggieri, 2020. "Status and Evolution of the Community Energy Sector in Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-22, April.
    16. Lowitzsch, J. & Hoicka, C.E. & van Tulder, F.J., 2020. "Renewable energy communities under the 2019 European Clean Energy Package – Governance model for the energy clusters of the future?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    17. Nikolaos Sifakis & Nikolaos Savvakis & Tryfon Daras & Theocharis Tsoutsos, 2019. "Analysis of the Energy Consumption Behavior of European RES Cooperative Members," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-19, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Artur Amsharuk & Grażyna Łaska, 2022. "A Review: Existing Methods for Solving Spatial Planning Problems for Wind Turbines in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Marzena Czarnecka & Katarzyna Chudy–Laskowska & Grzegorz Kinelski & Grzegorz Lew & Beata Sadowska & Magdalena Wójcik-Jurkiewicz & Borys Budka, 2022. "Grants and Funding for the Processes of Decarbonization in the Scope of Sustainability Development—The Case from Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-20, October.
    3. Dalia Streimikiene & Tomas Baležentis & Artiom Volkov & Mangirdas Morkūnas & Agnė Žičkienė & Justas Streimikis, 2021. "Barriers and Drivers of Renewable Energy Penetration in Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-28, October.
    4. Aleksandra Łakomiak, 2022. "Civic Energy in an Orchard Farm–Prosumer and Energy Cooperative—A New Approach to Electricity Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-28, September.
    5. Piotr Olczak & Dominika Matuszewska, 2023. "Energy Storage Potential Needed at the National Grid Scale (Poland) in Order to Stabilize Daily Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-11, August.
    6. Bożena Ryszawska & Magdalena Rozwadowska & Roksana Ulatowska & Marcin Pierzchała & Piotr Szymański, 2021. "The Power of Co-Creation in the Energy Transition—DART Model in Citizen Energy Communities Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-29, August.
    7. Jakub Jasiński & Mariusz Kozakiewicz & Maciej Sołtysik, 2021. "The Effectiveness of Energy Cooperatives Operating on the Capacity Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-20, May.
    8. Anna Bartkowiak & Piotr Bartkowiak & Grzegorz Kinelski, 2022. "Efficiency of Shaping the Value Chain in the Area of the Use of Raw Materials in Agro-Biorefinery in Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-16, August.
    9. María-José Prados & Marta Pallarès-Blanch & Ramón García-Marín & Carolina del Valle, 2021. "Renewable Energy Plants and Business Models: A New Rural Development Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-19, September.
    10. Maciej Sołtysik & Mariusz Kozakiewicz & Jakub Jasiński, 2022. "Improvement of Operating Efficiency of Energy Cooperatives with the Use of “Crypto-Coin Mining”," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-25, October.
    11. Neska, Ewa & Kowalska-Pyzalska, Anna, 2022. "Conceptual design of energy market topologies for communities and their practical applications in EU: A comparison of three case studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    12. Backe, Stian & Zwickl-Bernhard, Sebastian & Schwabeneder, Daniel & Auer, Hans & Korpås, Magnus & Tomasgard, Asgeir, 2022. "Impact of energy communities on the European electricity and heating system decarbonization pathway: Comparing local and global flexibility responses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    13. Anna Mularczyk & Iwona Zdonek & Marian Turek & Stanisław Tokarski, 2022. "Intentions to Use Prosumer Photovoltaic Technology in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-15, August.
    14. Jarosław Kulpa & Paweł Kamiński & Kinga Stecuła & Dariusz Prostański & Piotr Matusiak & Daniel Kowol & Michał Kopacz & Piotr Olczak, 2021. "Technical and Economic Aspects of Electric Energy Storage in a Mine Shaft—Budryk Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-14, November.
    15. Emanuele Cutore & Alberto Fichera & Rosaria Volpe, 2023. "A Roadmap for the Design, Operation and Monitoring of Renewable Energy Communities in Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.
    16. Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka & Justyna Żywiołek & Maciej Mrowiec, 2022. "Analysis of Customer Satisfaction with the Quality of Energy Market Services in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-24, May.
    17. Lode, M.L. & te Boveldt, G. & Coosemans, T. & Ramirez Camargo, L., 2022. "A transition perspective on Energy Communities: A systematic literature review and research agenda," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    18. Rovick Tarife & Yosuke Nakanishi & Yining Chen & Yicheng Zhou & Noel Estoperez & Anacita Tahud, 2022. "Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid for Rural Agricultural Area in Southern Philippines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-29, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jenny Palm, 2021. "The Transposition of Energy Communities into Swedish Regulations: Overview and Critique of Emerging Regulations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Dalia Streimikiene & Tomas Baležentis & Artiom Volkov & Mangirdas Morkūnas & Agnė Žičkienė & Justas Streimikis, 2021. "Barriers and Drivers of Renewable Energy Penetration in Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-28, October.
    3. Horstink, Lanka & Wittmayer, Julia M. & Ng, Kiat, 2021. "Pluralising the European energy landscape: Collective renewable energy prosumers and the EU's clean energy vision," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    4. Binod Prasad Koirala & Ellen C. J. van Oost & Esther C. van der Waal & Henny J. van der Windt, 2021. "New Pathways for Community Energy and Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-8, January.
    5. Francesca Ceglia & Elisa Marrasso & Giovanna Pallotta & Carlo Roselli & Maurizio Sasso, 2022. "The State of the Art of Smart Energy Communities: A Systematic Review of Strengths and Limits," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-28, May.
    6. Bernadette Fina & Hans Auer, 2020. "Economic Viability of Renewable Energy Communities under the Framework of the Renewable Energy Directive Transposed to Austrian Law," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-31, November.
    7. Aldona Standar & Agnieszka Kozera & Łukasz Satoła, 2021. "The Importance of Local Investments Co-Financed by the European Union in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources in Rural Areas of Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-23, January.
    8. Mehmet Efe Biresselioglu & Siyami Alp Limoncuoglu & Muhittin Hakan Demir & Johannes Reichl & Katrin Burgstaller & Alessandro Sciullo & Edoardo Ferrero, 2021. "Legal Provisions and Market Conditions for Energy Communities in Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey: A Comparative Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-25, October.
    9. Dorian Frieden & Andreas Tuerk & Ana Rita Antunes & Vasilakis Athanasios & Alexandros-Georgios Chronis & Stanislas d’Herbemont & Mislav Kirac & Rita Marouço & Camilla Neumann & Esteban Pastor Catalayu, 2021. "Are We on the Right Track? Collective Self-Consumption and Energy Communities in the European Union," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-26, November.
    10. Di Silvestre, Maria Luisa & Ippolito, Mariano Giuseppe & Sanseverino, Eleonora Riva & Sciumè, Giuseppe & Vasile, Antony, 2021. "Energy self-consumers and renewable energy communities in Italy: New actors of the electric power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    11. Bernadette Fina & Hubert Fechner, 2021. "Transposition of European Guidelines for Energy Communities into Austrian Law: A Comparison and Discussion of Issues and Positive Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-14, June.
    12. Veronica Lupi & Chiara Candelise & Merce Almuni Calull & Sarah Delvaux & Pieter Valkering & Wit Hubert & Alessandro Sciullo & Nele Ivask & Esther van der Waal & Izaskun Jimenez Iturriza & Daniele Paci, 2021. "A Characterization of European Collective Action Initiatives and Their Role as Enablers of Citizens’ Participation in the Energy Transition," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-17, December.
    13. Federico De Santi & Matteo Moncecchi & Giuseppe Prettico & Gianluca Fulli & Sergio Olivero & Marco Merlo, 2022. "To Join or Not to Join? The Energy Community Dilemma: An Italian Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-20, September.
    14. Michael Krug & Maria Rosaria Di Nucci & Matteo Caldera & Elena De Luca, 2022. "Mainstreaming Community Energy: Is the Renewable Energy Directive a Driver for Renewable Energy Communities in Germany and Italy?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-24, June.
    15. Tomasi, Silvia, 2022. "The (Non) impact of the Spanish “Tax on the Sun” on photovoltaics prosumers uptake," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    16. Lazzari, Florencia & Mor, Gerard & Cipriano, Jordi & Solsona, Francesc & Chemisana, Daniel & Guericke, Daniela, 2023. "Optimizing planning and operation of renewable energy communities with genetic algorithms," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    17. D'Adamo, Idiano & Mammetti, Marco & Ottaviani, Dario & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2023. "Photovoltaic systems and sustainable communities: New social models for ecological transition. The impact of incentive policies in profitability analyses," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 1291-1304.
    18. Li, Na & Okur, Özge, 2023. "Economic analysis of energy communities: Investment options and cost allocation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    19. Aleksandra Łakomiak, 2022. "Civic Energy in an Orchard Farm–Prosumer and Energy Cooperative—A New Approach to Electricity Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-28, September.
    20. Tomasz Jałowiec & Henryk Wojtaszek & Ireneusz Miciuła, 2021. "Green Energy Management through the Implementation of RES in the EU. Analysis of the Opinions of Poland and Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-33, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:2:p:319-:d:477010. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.