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Nontargeted vs. Targeted vs. Smart Load Shifting Using Heat Pump Water Heaters

Author

Listed:
  • Manasseh Obi

    (Portland General Electric, Portland, OR 97204, USA)

  • Cheryn Metzger

    (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA)

  • Ebony Mayhorn

    (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA)

  • Travis Ashley

    (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA)

  • Walter Hunt

    (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA)

Abstract

Deployment of CTA-2045–enabled devices is increasing in the U.S. market. These devices allow utilities or third-party aggregators to control appliance energy use in homes, and could also be applied to end uses in small commercial buildings. This study focuses on a field study using CTA-2045–enabled water heaters to shift electric load off the peak and toward periods when renewable resources are more prevalent (e.g., near noon for solar resources and near midnight for wind resources). The following load shifting strategies were compared to understand effects on the aggregate load-shifting capabilities of Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWHs) and on consumer hot water supply: non-targeted (traditional), targeted (grouped, with different shifting schedules) and “smart” (adaptive control commands). The results of this study show that targeted and smart control strategies yield significantly more load-shifting potential from a population of water heaters than the non-targeted approach without sacrificing hot water supply to occupants. However, as control commands become more aggressive, aggregators may face challenges in meeting consumer hot water demand. The findings and lessons learned can benefit electric utilities and inform updates to manufacturer controls and communications standards. The data collected may also be useful for developing and validating HPWH models.

Suggested Citation

  • Manasseh Obi & Cheryn Metzger & Ebony Mayhorn & Travis Ashley & Walter Hunt, 2021. "Nontargeted vs. Targeted vs. Smart Load Shifting Using Heat Pump Water Heaters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:22:p:7574-:d:677950
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ericson, Torgeir, 2009. "Direct load control of residential water heaters," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(9), pages 3502-3512, September.
    2. Goutam Dutta & Krishnendranath Mitra, 2017. "A literature review on dynamic pricing of electricity," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 68(10), pages 1131-1145, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. António Gomes Martins & Luís Pires Neves & José Luís Sousa, 2023. "Electricity Demand Side Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-3, August.
    2. Rosemary E. Alden & Huangjie Gong & Tim Rooney & Brian Branecky & Dan M. Ionel, 2023. "Electric Water Heater Modeling for Large-Scale Distribution Power Systems Studies with Energy Storage CTA-2045 Based VPP and CVR," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.

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