IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i11p3244-d567307.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Selection Guidelines for Wind Energy Technologies

Author

Listed:
  • A. G. Olabi

    (Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
    Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK)

  • Tabbi Wilberforce

    (Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK)

  • Khaled Elsaid

    (Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A & M University at Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 23874, Qatar)

  • Tareq Salameh

    (Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates)

  • Enas Taha Sayed

    (Centre for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
    Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minya 615193, Egypt)

  • Khaled Saleh Husain

    (Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates)

  • Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem

    (Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
    Centre for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
    Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minya 615193, Egypt)

Abstract

The building block of all economies across the world is subject to the medium in which energy is harnessed. Renewable energy is currently one of the recommended substitutes for fossil fuels due to its environmentally friendly nature. Wind energy, which is considered as one of the promising renewable energy forms, has gained lots of attention in the last few decades due to its sustainability as well as viability. This review presents a detailed investigation into this technology as well as factors impeding its commercialization. General selection guidelines for the available wind turbine technologies are presented. Prospects of various components associated with wind energy conversion systems are thoroughly discussed with their limitations equally captured in this report. The need for further optimization techniques in terms of design and materials used for the development of each component is highlighted.

Suggested Citation

  • A. G. Olabi & Tabbi Wilberforce & Khaled Elsaid & Tareq Salameh & Enas Taha Sayed & Khaled Saleh Husain & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, 2021. "Selection Guidelines for Wind Energy Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-34, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3244-:d:567307
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3244/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3244/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jowder, Fawzi A.L., 2009. "Wind power analysis and site matching of wind turbine generators in Kingdom of Bahrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(4), pages 538-545, April.
    2. Peter J. Schubel & Richard J. Crossley, 2012. "Wind Turbine Blade Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(9), pages 1-25, September.
    3. Eriksson, Sandra & Bernhoff, Hans & Leijon, Mats, 2008. "Evaluation of different turbine concepts for wind power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(5), pages 1419-1434, June.
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Jiao, Zhilun & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2020. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    5. Muzaffar, Aqib & Ahamed, M. Basheer & Deshmukh, Kalim & Thirumalai, Jagannathan, 2019. "A review on recent advances in hybrid supercapacitors: Design, fabrication and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 123-145.
    6. Dalla Longa, Francesco & Nogueira, Larissa P. & Limberger, Jon & Wees, Jan-Diederik van & van der Zwaan, Bob, 2020. "Scenarios for geothermal energy deployment in Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    7. Siddique, Muhammad Bilal & Thakur, Jagruti, 2020. "Assessment of curtailed wind energy potential for off-grid applications through mobile battery storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    8. Soudan, Bassel, 2019. "Community-scale baseload generation from marine energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    9. Jamil, M. & Parsa, S. & Majidi, M., 1995. "Wind power statistics and an evaluation of wind energy density," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 6(5), pages 623-628.
    10. Dai, Juchuan & Yang, Xin & Hu, Wei & Wen, Li & Tan, Yayi, 2018. "Effect investigation of yaw on wind turbine performance based on SCADA data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 684-696.
    11. Souma Chowdhury & Ali Mehmani & Jie Zhang & Achille Messac, 2016. "Market Suitability and Performance Tradeoffs Offered by Commercial Wind Turbines across Differing Wind Regimes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-31, May.
    12. Alami, Abdul Hai & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Faraj, Mohammed & Aokal, Kamilia & Al Safarini, Nada, 2020. "Titanium dioxide-coated nickel foam photoelectrodes for direct urea fuel cell applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    13. Perkin, Samuel & Garrett, Deon & Jensson, Pall, 2015. "Optimal wind turbine selection methodology: A case-study for Búrfell, Iceland," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 165-172.
    14. Ogungbemi, Emmanuel & Ijaodola, Oluwatosin & Khatib, F.N. & Wilberforce, Tabbi & El Hassan, Zaki & Thompson, James & Ramadan, Mohamad & Olabi, A.G., 2019. "Fuel cell membranes – Pros and cons," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 155-172.
    15. Chowdhury, Souma & Zhang, Jie & Messac, Achille & Castillo, Luciano, 2013. "Optimizing the arrangement and the selection of turbines for wind farms subject to varying wind conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 273-282.
    16. Wilberforce, Tabbi & El Hassan, Zaki & Durrant, A. & Thompson, J. & Soudan, Bassel & Olabi, A.G., 2019. "Overview of ocean power technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 165-181.
    17. Willis, D.J. & Niezrecki, C. & Kuchma, D. & Hines, E. & Arwade, S.R. & Barthelmie, R.J. & DiPaola, M. & Drane, P.J. & Hansen, C.J. & Inalpolat, M. & Mack, J.H. & Myers, A.T. & Rotea, M., 2018. "Wind energy research: State-of-the-art and future research directions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 133-154.
    18. Kabayo, Jeremiah & Marques, Pedro & Garcia, Rita & Freire, Fausto, 2019. "Life-cycle sustainability assessment of key electricity generation systems in Portugal," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 131-142.
    19. Kim, Sanghyeon & Cheong, Cheolung, 2015. "Development of low-noise drag-type vertical wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 199-208.
    20. Hanif, Imran & Faraz Raza, Syed Muhammad & Gago-de-Santos, Pilar & Abbas, Qaiser, 2019. "Fossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: Some empirical evidence," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 493-501.
    21. Tjiu, Willy & Marnoto, Tjukup & Mat, Sohif & Ruslan, Mohd Hafidz & Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, 2015. "Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine for power generation I: Assessment of Darrieus VAWT configurations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 50-67.
    22. Cherif, Hakima & Benakcha, Abdelhamid & Laib, Ismail & Chehaidia, Seif Eddine & Menacer, Arezky & Soudan, Bassel & Olabi, A.G., 2020. "Early detection and localization of stator inter-turn faults based on discrete wavelet energy ratio and neural networks in induction motor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    23. Luo, Xing & Wang, Jihong & Dooner, Mark & Clarke, Jonathan, 2015. "Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 511-536.
    24. Bilgili, Mehmet & Yasar, Abdulkadir & Simsek, Erdogan, 2011. "Offshore wind power development in Europe and its comparison with onshore counterpart," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 905-915, February.
    25. Jin, Xin & Zhao, Gaoyuan & Gao, KeJun & Ju, Wenbin, 2015. "Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine: Basic research methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 212-225.
    26. Abdul Ghani Olabi & Tabbi Wilberforce & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem & Mohamad Ramadan, 2021. "Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-33, April.
    27. Roy, Sukanta & Saha, Ujjwal K., 2015. "Wind tunnel experiments of a newly developed two-bladed Savonius-style wind turbine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 117-125.
    28. Kaldellis, John K. & Zafirakis, D., 2011. "The wind energy (r)evolution: A short review of a long history," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 1887-1901.
    29. Kumar, Yogesh & Ringenberg, Jordan & Depuru, Soma Shekara & Devabhaktuni, Vijay K. & Lee, Jin Woo & Nikolaidis, Efstratios & Andersen, Brett & Afjeh, Abdollah, 2016. "Wind energy: Trends and enabling technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 209-224.
    30. Tanveer, Waqas Hassan & Rezk, Hegazy & Nassef, Ahmed & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Kolosz, Ben & Karuppasamy, K. & Aslam, Jawad & Gilani, Syed Omer, 2020. "Improving fuel cell performance via optimal parameters identification through fuzzy logic based-modeling and optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    31. Fathy, Ahmed & Elaziz, Mohamed Abd & Sayed, Enas Taha & Olabi, A.G. & Rezk, Hegazy, 2019. "Optimal parameter identification of triple-junction photovoltaic panel based on enhanced moth search algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    32. Rodriguez, Cristina & Alaswad, Abed & El-Hassan, Zaki & Olabi, Abdul G., 2018. "Waste paper and macroalgae co-digestion effect on methane production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 119-125.
    33. Liang, Jyun-De & Huang, Bo-Hao & Chiang, Yuan-Ching & Chen, Sih-Li, 2020. "Experimental investigation of a liquid desiccant dehumidification system integrated with shallow geothermal energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    34. Wei, K. & Arwade, S.R. & Myers, A.T. & Hallowell, S. & Hajjar, J.F. & Hines, E.M. & Pang, W., 2016. "Toward performance-based evaluation for offshore wind turbine jacket support structures," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 709-721.
    35. Al-Shayji, Khawla & Aleisa, Esra, 2018. "Characterizing the fossil fuel impacts in water desalination plants in Kuwait: A Life Cycle Assessment approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 681-692.
    36. Dong, Yao & Wang, Jianzhou & Jiang, He & Shi, Xiaomeng, 2013. "Intelligent optimized wind resource assessment and wind turbines selection in Huitengxile of Inner Mongolia, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 239-253.
    37. Panda, R.K. & Sarkar, T.K. & Bhattacharya, A.K., 1990. "Stochastic study of the wind-energy potential of India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 15(10), pages 921-930.
    38. Yuji Ohya & Takashi Karasudani, 2010. "A Shrouded Wind Turbine Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 3(4), pages 1-16, March.
    39. Enas Taha Sayed & Hussain Alawadhi & Khaled Elsaid & A. G. Olabi & Maryam Adel Almakrani & Shaikha Tamim Bin Tamim & Ghada H. M. Alafranji & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, 2020. "A Carbon-Cloth Anode Electroplated with Iron Nanostructure for Microbial Fuel Cell Operated with Real Wastewater," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-11, August.
    40. Saul Gass & Thomas Saaty, 1955. "The computational algorithm for the parametric objective function," Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(1‐2), pages 39-45, March.
    41. Akwa, João Vicente & Vielmo, Horácio Antonio & Petry, Adriane Prisco, 2012. "A review on the performance of Savonius wind turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3054-3064.
    42. Weisser, D, 2003. "A wind energy analysis of Grenada: an estimation using the ‘Weibull’ density function," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(11), pages 1803-1812.
    43. EL-Shimy, M., 2010. "Optimal site matching of wind turbine generator: Case study of the Gulf of Suez region in Egypt," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 1870-1878.
    44. Rezk, Hegazy & Sayed, Enas Taha & Al-Dhaifallah, Mujahed & Obaid, M. & El-Sayed, Abou Hashema M. & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Olabi, A.G., 2019. "Fuel cell as an effective energy storage in reverse osmosis desalination plant powered by photovoltaic system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 423-433.
    45. Zhang, Zhien & Borhani, Tohid N. & Olabi, Abdul G., 2020. "Status and perspective of CO2 absorption process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    46. Menet, J.-L., 2004. "A double-step Savonius rotor for local production of electricity: a design study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 29(11), pages 1843-1862.
    47. Olabi, A.G. & Wilberforce, Tabbi & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali, 2021. "Fuel cell application in the automotive industry and future perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jan Michna & Krzysztof Rogowski, 2022. "CFD Calculations of Average Flow Parameters around the Rotor of a Savonius Wind Turbine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, December.
    2. Mohana Alanazi & Hani Attar & Ayman Amer & Ayesha Amjad & Mahmoud Mohamed & Mohammed Sh. Majid & Khalid Yahya & Mohamed Salem, 2023. "A Comprehensive Study on the Performance of Various Tracker Systems in Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-28, July.
    3. Mahmoud G. Hemeida & Ashraf M. Hemeida & Tomonobu Senjyu & Dina Osheba, 2022. "Renewable Energy Resources Technologies and Life Cycle Assessment: Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-36, December.
    4. Enas Taha Sayed & Abdul Ghani Olabi & Abdul Hai Alami & Ali Radwan & Ayman Mdallal & Ahmed Rezk & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, 2023. "Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-26, February.
    5. Fathy, Ahmed & Rezk, Hegazy & Yousri, Dalia & Kandil, Tarek & Abo-Khalil, Ahmed G., 2022. "Real-time bald eagle search approach for tracking the maximum generated power of wind energy conversion system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    6. Olgun Aydin & Bartłomiej Igliński & Krzysztof Krukowski & Marek Siemiński, 2022. "Analyzing Wind Energy Potential Using Efficient Global Optimization: A Case Study for the City Gdańsk in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, April.
    7. Małgorzata Jastrzębska, 2022. "Installation’s Conception in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources for the Needs of the Silesian Botanical Garden," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-28, September.
    8. A. G. Olabi & Khaled Obaideen & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem & Maryam Nooman AlMallahi & Nabila Shehata & Abdul Hai Alami & Ayman Mdallal & Asma Ali Murah Hassan & Enas Taha Sayed, 2023. "Wind Energy Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals: Case Study on London Array," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-22, March.
    9. Abdul Ghani Olabi & Hegazy Rezk & Enas Taha Sayed & Tabbi Awotwe & Samah Ibrahim Alshathri & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, 2023. "Optimal Parameter Identification of Single-Sensor Fractional Maximum Power Point Tracker for Thermoelectric Generator," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-13, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Olabi, A.G. & Wilberforce, Tabbi & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali, 2021. "Fuel cell application in the automotive industry and future perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    2. Kumar, Rakesh & Raahemifar, Kaamran & Fung, Alan S., 2018. "A critical review of vertical axis wind turbines for urban applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 281-291.
    3. A.G. Olabi & Tabbi Wilberforce & Enas Taha Sayed & Khaled Elsaid & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, 2020. "Prospects of Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-20, August.
    4. Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Sayed, Enas Taha & Nakagawa, Nobuyoshi, 2020. "Significance of diffusion layers on the performance of liquid and vapor feed passive direct methanol fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    5. Sayed, Enas Taha & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Alawadhi, Hussain & Elsaid, Khaled & Wilberforce, Tabbi & Olabi, A.G., 2021. "Graphitic carbon nitride/carbon brush composite as a novel anode for yeast-based microbial fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    6. Shafiqur Rehman & Salman A. Khan, 2016. "Fuzzy Logic Based Multi-Criteria Wind Turbine Selection Strategy—A Case Study of Qassim, Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-26, October.
    7. Thé, Jesse & Yu, Hesheng, 2017. "A critical review on the simulations of wind turbine aerodynamics focusing on hybrid RANS-LES methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 257-289.
    8. Noman, Abdullah Al & Tasneem, Zinat & Sahed, Md. Fahad & Muyeen, S.M. & Das, Sajal K. & Alam, Firoz, 2022. "Towards next generation Savonius wind turbine: Artificial intelligence in blade design trends and framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    9. Shafiqur Rehman & Salman A. Khan & Luai M. Alhems, 2020. "A Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Methodology for Multi-Criteria Selection of Wind Turbines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-21, October.
    10. Rezk, Hegazy & Aly, Mokhtar & Fathy, Ahmed, 2021. "A novel strategy based on recent equilibrium optimizer to enhance the performance of PEM fuel cell system through optimized fuzzy logic MPPT," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    11. Hesami, Ali & Nikseresht, Amir H., 2023. "Towards development and optimization of the Savonius wind turbine incorporated with a wind-lens," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    12. Pagnini, Luisa C. & Burlando, Massimiliano & Repetto, Maria Pia, 2015. "Experimental power curve of small-size wind turbines in turbulent urban environment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 112-121.
    13. Joselin Herbert, G.M. & Iniyan, S. & Sreevalsan, E. & Rajapandian, S., 2007. "A review of wind energy technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(6), pages 1117-1145, August.
    14. Abdul Ghani Olabi & Tabbi Wilberforce & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem & Mohamad Ramadan, 2021. "Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-33, April.
    15. Pierre Tchakoua & René Wamkeue & Mohand Ouhrouche & Tommy Andy Tameghe & Gabriel Ekemb, 2015. "A New Approach for Modeling Darrieus-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotors Using Electrical Equivalent Circuit Analogy: Basis of Theoretical Formulations and Model Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-34, September.
    16. Li, Jing & Zuo, Wei & E, Jiaqiang & Zhang, Yuntian & Li, Qingqing & Sun, Ke & Zhou, Kun & Zhang, Guangde, 2022. "Multi-objective optimization of mini U-channel cold plate with SiO2 nanofluid by RSM and NSGA-II," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    17. Tanveer, Waqas Hassan & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Kolosz, Ben W. & Rezk, Hegazy & Andresen, John & Cha, Suk Won & Sayed, Enas Taha, 2021. "The role of vacuum based technologies in solid oxide fuel cell development to utilize industrial waste carbon for power production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    18. Fathy, Ahmed & Babu, Thanikanti Sudhakar & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Rezk, Hegazy & Yousri, Dalia, 2022. "Recent approach based heterogeneous comprehensive learning Archimedes optimization algorithm for identifying the optimal parameters of different fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    19. Alom, Nur & Saha, Ujjwal K., 2018. "Performance evaluation of vent-augmented elliptical-bladed savonius rotors by numerical simulation and wind tunnel experiments," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 277-290.
    20. Shu, Z.R. & Li, Q.S. & Chan, P.W., 2015. "Investigation of offshore wind energy potential in Hong Kong based on Weibull distribution function," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 362-373.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3244-:d:567307. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.